A  Year  Book 

of 

The  Church  and  Social  Service 


In  the  United  States 


F.  Ward 


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PRINCETON,  N.  J. 


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BV    4403    .A6    1914 

Ward,  Harry  Frederick,  1873 

1966. 
A  year  book  of  the  church 


^r\r\     cior-ial 


c!«i-r\7  7  r-e     i  n     -f-h- 


A    YEAR    BOOK    OF    THE    CHURCH 

AND    SOCIAL   SERVICE    IN 

THE  UNITED  STATES 


A'^Year  Book 

of 

The  Church  and  Social  Service 

In  the  United  States 

PREPARED   FOR 

THE  COMMISSION  ON  THE  CHURCH  AND  SOCIAL  SERVICE 

OF  THE 

FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST    IN 
AMERICA 


By    harry    F.  ward 

AssocTATK  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 


The    Pilgrim    Press 

BOSTON     NEW  YORK     CHICAGO 


Copyright,  i9«4,  by 
THE  COMMISSION    ON   THE   CHURCH   AND    SOCIAL    SERVICE 


INTRODUCTORY   NOTE 

This  Year  Book  is  an  attempt  to  bring  together,  from 
various  sources,  information  which  may  be  needed  by  pastors 
and  church-workers  concerning  the  social  service  move- 
ment in  the  churches. 

In  this  first  effort  to  gather  the  scattered  facts,  there 
.will  be  some  inaccuracies  and  not  a  little  incompleteness. 
Those  who  can  furnish  corrections  and  additional  informa- 
tion are  earnestly  requested  to  send  them  to  the  office 
of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on  the  Church  and 
Social  Service,  105  East  22nd  St.,  New  York  City. 

Harry  F.  Ward. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Directory  of  Church  Social  Service  Organizations. 

Chapter  I.    The     Social     Service     Movement     in     the 

Churches    13 

A  brief  summary  of  the  origins  and  development  of 
the  Social  Service  Movement  in  the  Churches: — In  the 
religion  of  Israel — In  the  life  and  teachings  of  Jesus — 
In  primitive  Christianity — In  the  Reformation — In  Na- 
tional Movements — In  the  Evangelical  Revival — In  the 
Modern  Missionary  Awakening. 

Chapter  II.    Church  Social  Service  Organizations   ....    24 

An  account  of  the  Church  Social  Service  Agencies, 
their  virork  and  plans : — With  Field  Secretaries :  Federal 
Council  Commission — Baptist — Congregational — Methodist 
— Presbyterian — Protestant  Episcopal.  Other  Denomina- 
tions in  the  Federal  Council  with  and  without  organized 
agencies — Social  Servicfe  by  Local  Federations — The 
Country  Church  Movement — International  Peace  and 
Arbitration — Other  Religious  Bodies — In  other  Countries. 

Chapter  III.    Publications  and  Bibliography 76 

Lists  of  the  printed  matter  of  the  various  church 
social  service  agencies : — Federal  Council  Commission — 
Baptist  —  Congregational  —  Methodist  —  Presbyterian 
— Protestant  Episcopal.     Other  Church  Bodies. 

Significant  Books  of  1913  : — General — Industrial — Immi- 
gration— Education — The  Woman  Movement — Socialism — 
Rural  Life — Human  Interest. 

7 


8  Table  of  Contents 

Chapter  IV.    Methods  and  Programs 97 

A  summary  of  the  Methods  and  Programs  suggested 
by  the  various  agencies  for  churches  and  groups  of 
churches: — Organizing  the  Local  Church  for  Community 
Ministry — Community  Study — Educational  Activities — 
Suggested  Programs:  in  the  city — in  the  country — in  the 
village — Selecting  a  Minimum — Co-operative  Effort — 
Denominational  District  Bodies. 

Chapter  V.    Co-operating  Agencies 137 

A  directory  of  those  general  organizations  most  liable 
to  be  needed  by  church-workers  for  information  and 
assistance  in  the  following  fields  : — Child  Labor — Recrea- 
tion and  Social  Centers — Organized  Charity — Health — 
Immigration — The  Prisoner — Women  in  Industry — Law 
Enforcement — Housing — Civics — Surveys    and    Exhibits. 

Chapter  VI.    The  Voice  of  the  Churches  148 

The  utterances  of  various  church  bodies  on  the  follow- 
ing topics  : — The  Social  Creed — Industrial  and  Social  Con- 
ditions— Social  Justice — Civic  Action — Capital — Labor — 
Industrial  Democracy — Wealth  and  Property — Social  Re- 
demption. 

Bibliographical  Sketches  of  the  Associated  Secretaries..  185 


DIRECTORY  OF   CHURCH   SOCIAL   SERVICE  ORGAN- 
IZATIONS. 

I.    Connected  with  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches 

OF  Christ  in  America. 

A.  IViih  Executive  or  Field  Secretaries.- — 

Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  representing 
constituent  bodies  of  the  FEDERAL  COUNCIL;  Rev. 
Charles  S.  Macfarland,  secretary,  612  United  Charities  Build- 
ing,  105  East  22nd   Street,   New  York  City. 

Baptist — Department  of  Social  Service  and  Brotherhood, 
Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten,  secretary,  1701  Chestnut  Street, 
Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Congregational — Social  Service  Commission,  Rev.  Henry 
A.  Atkinson,   secretary,    14   Beacon  Street,   Boston,   Mass. 

Methodist — Federation  for  Social  Service,  Rev.  Harry  F. 
Ward,  secretary,  2512   Park   Place,  Evanston,  111. 

Presbyterian — Bureau  of  Social  Service,  156  Fifth  Avenue, 
New  York, 

Protestant  Episcopal — Joint  Commission  for  Social  Ser- 
vice, Rev.  Frank  M.  Crouch,  Field  Secretary,  The  Church 
Missions  House,  281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

B.  Organised  Agencies  wthout  Field  Secretaries. — 

Christian  Church — Commission  on  Social  Service  of  the 
American  Christian  Convention,  Rev.  O.  W.  Powers,  secre- 
tary,   Dayton,   Ohio. 

Disciples  of  Christ — Commission  on  Social  Service  and 
the  Country  Church,  Prof.  Alva  W.  Taylor,  secretary,  Bible 
College,  Columbia,  Mo. 

Society  of  Friends — Social  Service  Commission,  Prof. 
Rufus  M.  Jones,  chairman,  Haverford  College,  Haverford, 
Pa. 

United  Presbyterian  Church — Committee  on  Social  and 
Industrial  Conditions.  Rev.  H.  H.  Marlin,  secretary,  5151 
Penn   Avenue,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 


10    Directory  of  Social  Service  Organizations 


C.    No  Organized  Agencies,  but  for  information  the  following 
Correspondents  may  be  addressed : 

National  Baptist  Convention — Prof.  R.  B.  Hudson,  Sehna, 
Alabama. 

Free    Baptist — Prof.    Alfred    W.    Anthony,    Lewiston,    Maine. 

German  Evangelical  Synod — Rev.  Jacob  Pister,  6062  Mont- 
gomery Road,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Evangelical  Association — Bishop  S.  C.  Breyfogel,  836  Center 
Avenue,   Reading,    Pa. 

Lutheran  Church,  General  Synod — Rev.  A.  J.  Turkic,  11 
Riverview  Avenue,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Mennonite  Church — Rev.  S.   K.   Mosiman,   Bluffton,  Ohio. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (South) — Rev.  John  M.  Moore, 
810  Broadway,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

African  M.  E.  Church — Bishop  Cornelius  Shafifer,  3044 
Rhodes  Avenue,   Chicago,   111. 

African  M.  E.  Zion  Church — Bishop  Alexander  Walters,  208 
West  134th  Street,  New  York. 

Colored  M.  E.  Church  in  America — Rev.  N.  C.  Cleaves, 
Columbus,  S.  C. 

Methodist  Protestant  Church — Pres.  H.  L.  Elderdice,  West- 
minster Theological  Seminary,  Westminster,  Md. 

Moravian  Church — Rev.  Edward  S.  Wolle,  601  N.  i8th 
Street,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) — Prof.  James 
R.    Howerton,   Lexington,   Va. 

Reformed  Church  in  America — William  T.  Demarest,  25 
East  22nd  Street,  New  York. 

Reformed  Church  in  U.  S. — Rev.  C.  E.  Schaeffer,  Re- 
formed Church  Building,  isth  and  Race  Streets,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Reformed  Episcopal  Church — Rt.  Rev.  Samuel  Fallows,  2344 
Monroe  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church,  General  Synod — Pres.  David 
McKinney,  218  Woolper  Avenue,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Church — Pres.  Boothe  C.  Davis,  Alfred 
University,  Alfred,  N.  Y. 

United  Brethren  Church — Rev.  C.  Whitney,  United  Brethren 
Building,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

United  Evangelical  Church — Rev.  J.  W.  Messinger,  Williams- 
port,  Pa. 


Directory  of  Social  Service  Organizations     11 

Welsh  Presbyterian  Church— Rev.  Robert  E.  Roberts,  223 
Twin  Street,  Rome,  N.  Y. 

II.  Not    Connected    with    the    Federal    Council    of    the 

Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

Unitarian — Department  of  Social  Service  and  Public  Ser- 
vice, American  Unitarian  Association,  Rev.  Elmer  S.  Forbes, 
secretary,  25  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Roman  Catholic — Social  Service  Commission  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Catholic  Societies,  Rev.  Peter  E.  Dietz, 
secretary,    503    Murray    Avenue,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Universalist — Social  Service  Committee  of  the  Universalist 
Church,  Rev.  Clarence  R.  Skinner,  secretary,  Universalist 
Publishing  House,  359  Boylston   Street,  Boston,   Mass. 

Jewish — Central  Conference  of  American  Rabbis,  Rabbi 
Solomon  Foster,  Committee  on  Synagogue  and  Industrial 
Relations,  264  Clinton  Avenue,  Newark,  N.  J. 

III.  Social  Service  Organizations  in  Canada  and  England. 
Canada: 

Social  Service  Council  of  Canada — Joint  secretaries, 
Rev.  J.  G.  Shearer,  Confederation  Life  Building,  Toronto, 
Ont,  and  Rev.  T.  Albert  Moore,  Wesley  Building,  Toronto, 
Ont. 

Church  of  England — Committee  on  Moral  and  Social 
Reform,  secretary,  Rev.  R.  L.  Bridges,  St.  James  Parish 
House,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Baptist  Church — Department  of  Social  Service,  General 
Secretary,  Rev.  S.  Edward  Grigg,  223  Church  Street, 
Toronto,   Ont. 

Methodist  Church — Department  of  Temperance  and  Moral 
Reform,  General  Secretary,  Rev.  T.  Albert  Moore,  Wesley 
Building,    Toronto,    Ont. 

Presbyterian  Church — Board  of  Social  Service  and 
Evangelism,  General  Secretary,  Rev.  J.  G.  Shearer,  Con- 
federation  Life   Building,   Toronto,   Ont. 

England: 

Interdenominational  Conference  of  Social  Service 
Unions — Miss  Lucy  Gardner,  The  Mill  House,  Worming- 
ford,  Colchester. 


12     Directory  of  Social  Service  Organizations 

Baptist  Union— Edward  E.  Hayward,  secretary,  Baptist 
Church  House,  Southampton  Row,  W.  C.  London. 

Catholic  Social  Guild— Mrs.  V.  M.  Crawford,  secretary, 
105   Marylebone   Road,   London. 

Christian  Social  Union— N.  Nalder  Williams,  secretary, 
Selwyn   College,   Cambridge. 

Congregational  Union  Social  Service  Committee — Rev. 
Wm.  Reason,  secretary,  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street, 
E.    C.    London. 

Friends  Social  Union— J.  St.  G.  Heath,  secretary,  Wood- 
brooke    Settlement,    Selly    Oak,    Birmingham. 

National  Conference  Union  for  Social  Service— Rev. 
J.  S.  Burgess,  secretary,  38,  Lodge  Lane,  Flowery  Field, 
Hyde. 

Presbyterian  Social  Service  Union— Rev.  J.  A.  Wilson, 
secretary,   21    Rowlandson   Terrace,    Sunderland. 

Primitive  Methodist  Union  for  Social  Service — Rev.  E. 
B.  Storr,  secretary,  49,  Oakwood  Road,  Blackhill,  Co. 
Durham. 

United  Methodist  Church  Social  Service  Union— Rev. 
W.   G.  Peck,  secretary,   18,  Wellington  Street,   Blackburn. 

Wesleyan  Methodist  Union  for  Social  Service — Rev. 
W.  F.  Lofthouse,  secretary,  M.  A.,  Handsworth  College, 
Birmingham, 


A  Year  Book  of  the  Church  and  Social 
Service  in  the  United  States 


THE  SOCIAL  SERVICE  MOVEMENT  IN 
THE   CHURCHES.i 

nr^KE  roots  of  the  present  social  service  movement  in  the 

•*•    churches  run   down   into  the   religion  of  Israel.     The 

influence  of  the  Old  Testament  has  been  one  of  the  great 

permanent  forces  making  for  democracy  and  social  justice, 

SOCIAL  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  PROPHETS. 

The  prophets  are  the  beating  heart  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Modern  study  has  shown  that  they  were  the  real  makers 
of  the  unique  religious  life  of  Israel.  The  constructive 
sociology  of  the  Bible  is  to  be  found  largely  in  the  Hebrew 
Law,  which  aimed  to  prevent  the  enslavement  of  the 
Hebrew    people,    both    legal    and    economic,    by    securing 

1  The  material  for  this  chapter  has  been  largely  taken,  by 
permission,  from  the  two  books  of  Prof.  Walter  Rauschen- 
busch:  "Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis,"  and  "Christian- 
izing the  Social  Order"  (Macmillan).  Quotation  marks,  with- 
out reference,  indicate  matter  taken  unchanged  from  these 
sources, 

13 


14     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

economic  independence  for  the  family.  Its  underlying  con- 
ception is  that  of  the  nation  as  one  great  family.  Its 
fundamental  idea  is  Brotherhood.  The  prophets  were  the 
moving  spirits  in  the  working  of  this  idea  into  the  national 
life.  They  presented  religion  in  ethical  and  therefore  in 
social  terms.  They  were  almost  indifferent  to  its  cere- 
monial side,  but  turned  with  passionate  enthusiasm  to  moral 
righteousness  as  its  true  domain.  Their  religious  concern 
was  not  restricted  to  private  religion  and  morality,  but 
dealt  prominently  with  the  social  and  political  life  of  their 
nation.  Their  sympathy  was  wholly  and  passionately  with 
the  poor  and  the  oppressed,  of  whom  they  were  the  out- 
spoken champions.  They  proclaimed  a  primitive  democracy 
based  upon  an  approximately  equal  distribution  of  the 
land.  They  cherished  a  large  ideal  of  the  ultimate  per- 
fection of  their  people.  They  looked  for  the  Day  of 
Jehovah;  it  was  to  them  what  the  social  revolution  is  to 
modern  radicals,  but  it  was  expressed  in  terms  of  moral 
justice  rather  than  in  economic  prosperity.  It  was  to  come 
by  divine  help  and  not  by  mere  social  evolution.  They 
rose  above  the  kindred  prophets  of  other  nations  through 
their  moral  interest  in  national  affairs,  and  their  spiritual 
progress  and  education  were  intimately  connected  with 
their  open-eyed  comprehension  of  the  larger  questions  of 
contemporary  history.  When  the  nation  lost  its  political 
self-government  and  training,  apocalyptic  dreams  and  book- 
ish calculations,  together  with  a  narrow  religious  individu- 
alism, took  the  place  of  the  sane  political  program  and 
the  wise  historical  insight  of  the  great  prophets,  and 
Judaism  became  a  decadent  system. 


SOCIAL    MESSAGE   OF   JESUS. 

The  social  program  and  the  social  hopes  of  the  prophets 
were  fulfilled  in  Jesus.  His  ministry  was  largely  con- 
cerned with  human  needs.  His  central  teaching  of  the 
Kingdom  of  God  is  a  collective  conception  involving  the 
whole  social  life  of  man.  He  desires  to  replace  a  society 
resting  on  coercion,  exploitation  and  inequality  with  one 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches     15 

resting  on  love,  service  and  equality.  Like  the  prophets, 
he  is  indifferent  to  ritual  and  sternly  insistent  on  conduct 
as  a  test  of  religion.  It  is  not  simply  that  his  social  teach- 
ings are  significant,  but  that  his  whole  teaching,  like  his  life, 
is  social.  Behind  the  social  hope  of  the  prophets  he  puts 
the  power  of  the  categorical  imperative.  He  instills  it 
with  the  dynamic  of  the  law  or  brotherhood  as  the  revela- 
tion and  expression  of  the  divine.  His  was  a  revolutionary 
consciousness.  His  attack  on  the  leaders  and  authorities 
of  his  day  was  of  revolutionary  boldness  and  thoroughness. 

"Jesus  was  not  a  mere  social  reformer.  Religion  was 
the  heart  of  his  life,  and  all  that  he  said  on  social  rela- 
tions was  said  from  the  religious  point  of  view.  He  has 
been  called  the  first  socialist.  He  was  more;  he  was  the 
first  real  man,  the  inaugurator  of  a  new  humanity.  But 
as  such  he  bore  within  him  the  germs  of  a  new  social 
and  political  order.  He  was  too  great  to  be  the  Saviour 
of  a  fractional  part  of  human  life.  His  redemption  extends 
to  all  human  needs  and  powers  and  relations.  Theologians 
have  felt  no  hesitation  in  founding  a  system  of  speculative 
thought  on  the  teachings  of  Jesus,  and  yet  Jesus  was  never 
an  inhabitant  of  the  realm  of  speculative  thought.  He 
has  been  made  the  founder  and  organizer  of  a  great  ecclesi- 
astical machine,  which  derives  authority  for  its  offices  and 
institutions  from  him,  and  yet  'hardly  any  problem  of 
exegesis  is  more  difficult  than  to  discover  in  the  gospels 
an  administrative  or  organizing  or   ecclesiastical   Christ."^ 

"There  is  at  least  as  much  justification  in  invoking  his 
name  today  as  the  champion  of  a  great  movement  for  a 
more  righteous  social  life.  He  was  neither  a  theologian, 
nor  an  ecclesiastic,  nor  a  socialist.  But  if  we  were  forced 
to  classify  him  either  with  the  great  theologians  who 
elaborated  the  fine  distinctions  of  scholasticism;  or  with 
the  mighty  popes  and  princes  of  the  Church  who  built 
up  their  power  in  his  name;  or  with  the  men  who  are 
giving  their  heart  and  life  to  the  propoganda  of  a  new 
social  system — where  should  we  place  him?" 

1  Peabody,  **J.esus  Christ  and  the  Social  Question/' 


16     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


THE    EARLY    CHURCH. 

Primitive  Christianity  while  under  the  fresh  impulse  of 
Jesus  was  filled  with  social  forces.  In  its  later  history 
the  reconstructive  capacities  of  Christianity  were  paralyzed 
by  alien  influences  which  penetrated  from  without  and 
clogged  the  revolutionary  moral  power  inherent  in  it. 
Other-worldliness,  asceticism  and  monastic  enthusiasm, 
sacramental  and  ritual  superstitions  drifted  in  from  con- 
temporary heathen  society.  From  Greek  intellectualism 
came  a  dogmatic  bent.  The  union  of  church  and  state 
was  a  reversion  to  pagan  religion.  The  curse  of  despotism, 
which  lay  upon  all  humanity,  affected  the  church,  result- 
ing in  the  lack  of  political  rights  and  interests  among  the 
mass  of  Christian  people  and  the  disappearance  of  the 
original  democracy  of  the  church  organization. 

The  church  still  concerned  itself  with  some  works  of 
charity,  but  it  did  not  find  a  wider  social  mission  until 
the  Middle  Ages. 


THE   REFORMATION. 

"The  religioMs  reform  movements  of  the  Middle  Ages 
were  very  closely  connected  with  wider  social  causes:  the 
changes  created  by  the  Crusades,  the  consequent  rise  of 
commerce,  the  growth  of  luxury,  the  transition  to  a  money 
basis  in  industry,  the  rise  of  the  cities  and  the  develop- 
ment of  a  new  city  proletariat.  The  movement  of  Francis 
of  Assisi,  of  the  Waldenses,  of  the  Humiliati  and  Bons 
Hommes,  were  all  inspired  by  democratic  and  communistic 
ideals.  Wycliff  was  by  far  the  greatest  doctrinal  reformer 
before  the  Reformation;  but  his  eyes,  too,  were  first 
opened  to  the  doctrinal  errors  of  the  Roman  Church  by 
joining  in  a  great  national  and  patriotic  movement  against 
the  alien  domination  and  extortion  of  the  Church.  The 
Bohemian  revolt,  made  famous  by  the  name  of  John  Hus, 
was  quite  as  much  political  and  social  as  religious.  Savon- 
arola was  a  great  democrat  as  well  as  a  religious  prophet." 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches     17, 

"The  prime  cause  of  the  Reformation  was  the  smoulder- 
ing anger  of  the  Northern  nations  at  their  financial  ex- 
ploitation by  the  Italian  papacy.  Luther's  great  manifesto 
'to  the  Christian  Nobility  of  Germany'  was  a  tremendous 
social,  educational,  and  ecclesiastical  reform  program. 
He  secured  the  support  of  the  princes  and  nobles  because 
he  said  with  a  thundering  voice  what  all  felt  about  the 
extortion  and  oppression  of  the  ecclesiastical  machine.  At 
the  Diet  of  Worms  in  1521  nearly  all  the  German  states 
were  friendly  to  him,  but  they  cared  nothing  for  his 
doctrinal  differences,  and  would  have  been  best  pleased  if 
he  had  abjured  them. 

'The  glorious  years  of  the  Lutheran  Reformation  were 
from  1517  to  1525,  when  the  w^hole  nation  was  in  commo- 
tion and  a  great  revolutionary  tidal  wave  seemed  to  be 
sweeping  every  class  and  every  higher  interest  one  step 
nearer  to  its  ideal  of  life.  When  it  became  'religious'  in 
the  narrower  sense,  it  grew  scholastic  and  spiny,  quarrel- 
some, and  impotent  to  awaken  high  enthusiasm  and  noble 
life.  The  scepter  of  leadership  passed  from  Lutheranism 
to  Calvinism  and  to  regenerated  Catholicism.  Calvinism 
had  a  far  wider  sphere  of  influence  and  a  far  deeper  effect 
on  the  life  of  the  nations  than  Lutheranism,  because  it 
continued  to  fuse  religious  faith  with  the  demand  for 
political  liberty  and  social  justice." 

Out  of  the  Reformation  came  other  significant  social 
movements.  The  Peasants'  Rising  in  1525  in  Germany 
embodied  the  social  ideals  of  the  common  people;  the 
Anabaptist  movement,  which  began  simultaneously,  ex- 
pressed their  religious  aspirations;  both  were  essentially 
noble  and  just;  both  have  been  most  amply  justified  by 
the  later  course  of  history;  yet  both  were  quenched  in 
streams  of  blood  and  have  had  to  wait  till  our  own  day 
for  their  resurrection  in  new  form. 

NATIONAL    MOVEMENTS. 

The  next  social  expression  of  religion  was  in  certain 
national  movements.     The  greatest   forward  movements  in 


18     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

religion   have   always   taken   place   under  the  call  of  the 
great  historical  situations. 

"Nations  rise  to  the  climax  of  their  life,  and  humanity- 
unfolds  its  enormous  dormant  capacities  only  when  religion 
enters  into  a  living  and  inspiring  relation  to  all  the  rest 
of  human  life.  Under  an  impulse  which  was  both  religious 
and  national  the  little  Netherlands,  hardly  three  million 
people  on  marshy  soil,  resisted  the  greatest  and  richest 
and  most  relentless  power  of  Europe  for  eighty  years, 
leaped  to  the  van  of  European  sea  power,  and  became  the 
leader  in  the  great^  political  coalitions  of  Europe.  Under 
the  same  unity  of  religious  and  political  enthusiasm 
Sweden,  with  only  a  million  men  on  rocky  and  snow- 
bound soil,  came  to  the  rescue  of  Protestantism  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus  and  dictated  terms  to  Europe.  Eng- 
land would  have  been  glad  to  help,  but  was  held  down 
by  the  selfish  dynastic  policy  of  James  I.  Thus  in  past 
history  religion  has  demonstrated  its  capacity  to  evoke  the 
latent  powers  of  humanity,  and  has  in  turn  gained  a  fresh 
hold  on  men  and  rejuvenated  its  own  life  by  supporting 
the  high  patriotic  and  social  ambitions  of  an  age." 

THE   EVANGELICAL   REVIVAL. 

The  next  striking  manifestation  of  the  social  end  of 
Christianity  was  in  connection  with  the  Evangelical  Revival 
in  the  eighteenth  century.  The  later  English  historians 
all  bear  witness  to  the  fact  that  no  other  force  has  so 
deeply  affected  the  modern  developments  of  English  life. 
In  that  revival  Methodism  was  born,  and  "it  became  a 
social  factor  of  first  significance."^  It  changed  directly 
and  indirectly  the  whole  face  of  English  communal  life, 
and  lifted  into  new  light  the  mighty  problems  with  which 
England  had  soon  to  occupy  herself.  The  Methodist  class 
meeting  gave  the  personal  touch  to  the  charity  of  England 
and  together  with  the  village  chapel  prepared  the  Eng- 
lish   working    men    for    political    and    social    democracy. 

1  Social  meaning  of  Modern  Religious  Movements  in  Eng- 
land. T.  C.  Hall. 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches     19 

Probably  no  four  or  five  factors  together  have  had  the 
same  social  significance  "for  the  future  of  England's 
empire  as  the  Methodist  phase  of  the  Evangelical  Re- 
vival/'i 

Along  with  that  must  be  put  the  social  significance  of 
the  rise  of  the  Evangelical  Party  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. These  two  together  originated  the  movement  against 
slavery,  the  movement  for  prison  reform  and  reform  in 
poor  relief.  They  threw  their  forces  into  the  struggle  for 
the  Reform  Bill  and  the  repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws  which 
gave  democracy  a  living  chance,  and  then,  even  though 
they  had  to  turn  against  their  allies,  they  led  the  fight 
against  factory  slavery  and  secured  the  first  labor  legis- 
lation. 

MODERN   SOCIAL  PROPHETS. 

The  next  step  in  the  social  expression  of  religion  was 
the  work  of  that  group,  some  of  whom  called  themselves 
Christian  Socialists,  who  proved  once  again  that  the  wider 
social  outlook  is  almost  invariably  the  condition  for  the 
prophetic  gift.  The  men  of  our  own  age  who  have  had 
something  of  the  prophet's  vision  and  power  of  language 
and  inspiration  have  nearly  all  had  the  social  enthusiasm 
and  faith  in  the  reconstructive  power  of  Christianity. 
Maurice  and  Kingsley,  Ruskin  and  Carlyle,  Lamennais  and 
Mazzini  and  Tolstoi,  were  in  their  measure,  true  seers  of 
God,  and  they  made  others  see. 

THE    MISSIONARY    AWAKENING. 

The  direct  spiritual  successors  of  the  English  group 
of  modern  social  prophets  were  the  men  who  developed 
the  settlement  movement  and  the  Forward  Movement  in 
modern  city  church  work,  such  men  as  Toynbee  and 
Bamett  on  one  hand  and  Hugh  Price  Hughes  and  John 
Clifford  on  the  other.  It  was  out  of  this  settlement  and 
institutional  church  movement  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic, 

1  Social  meaning  of  Modern  Religious  Movements  in  Eng- 
land,  T.   C.   Hall. 


20     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

a  movement  to  apply  the  gospel  to  all  the  needs  and 
activities  of  life,  that  the  present  social  service  movement 
was  organized.  It  is  a  product  of  the  modern  missionary 
awakening,  of  that  spirit  which  in  the  last  century  sent 
one  group  across  the  seas  to  the  darkness  of  heathen  lands 
and  another  group  down  into  the  darkness  of  Christian 
cities.  Both  groups  found  themselves  compelled  to  apply 
the  gospel  to  social  conditions. 

The  social  work  of  foreign  missions  has  been  not  the 
least  of  its  triumphs.  In  our  own  cities,  those  who  were 
laboring  to  apply  the  gospel  to  the  whole  of  life,  found 
that  it  must  reach  out  and  transform  the  surroundings 
as  well  as  the  people;  that  if  it  was  to  be  effective  in 
individual  life,  it  must  also  reach  the  social,  industrial 
and  political  conditions  which  were  so  largely  affecting 
life.  Thus  the  Salvation  Army  developed  its  manifold 
social  ministry  and  in  all  denominations  the  men  who 
were  developing  a  social  ministry  in  their  churches  gradu- 
ally came  together  behind  a  common  program  and  com- 
mon methods,  forming  the  present  denominational  organi- 
zations. 

In  the  United  States  the  pioneers  of  Christian  social 
thought  to  whom  a  tribute  of  honor  is  due  are  Washington 
Gladden,  Josiah  Strong  and  Richard  T.  Ely.  "These  men 
had  matured  their  thought  when  the  rest  of  us  were  young 
men,  and  they  had  a  spirit  in  them  which  kindled  and 
compelled  us."  The  honors  of  leadership  in  various  phases 
of  organized  effort  are  fairly  distributed  among  different 
denominations. 

"The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  for  instance,  failed  to 
take  any  leading  part  in  the  older  social  conflicts  with  alcoholism 
and  with  slavery,  but  in  the  present  struggle  against  industrial 
extortion  it  has  furnished  far  more  than  its  share  of  workers 
and  leaders.  The  Church  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
the  Interests  of  Labor  (C.  A.  I.  L.)  organized  by  a  few 
ministers  in  1887,  was  probably  the  first  organization  of  social 
Christianity  in  this  country." 

"The  Brotherhood  of  the  Kingdom,  formed  in  1893,  was  one 
of  the  earliest  organizations  of  social  Christianity  in  the  country. 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches     21 

Its  early  members  were  all  Baptists,  and  it  might  have  become 
the  organization  of  Baptist  radicals,  but  it  chose  the  broadest 
interdenominational  bases  on  principle,  and  the  denomination 
thus  gets  no  credit  for  an  enterprise  born  of  its  best  spirit." 

"By  the  establishment  of  its  Department  of  Church  and  Labor 
in  1903  the  Presbyterian  Church  had  won  a  pre-eminence  which 
all  may  en\7-,  but  which  none  will  grudge,  for  its  work  has 
been  nobly  free  from  denominational  selfishness  and  has  bene- 
fited all." 

"The  Congregationalists,  Baptists,  Disciples,  Unitarians,  and 
Universalists,  with  their  sib  and  kin,  represent  the  principles 
of  pure  democracy  in  church  life.  That  is  their  spiritual 
charisma  and  their  qualification  for  leadership  in  the  democrati- 
zation of  the  social  order.  Their  loose-jointed  organization 
makes  united  action  more  difficult  for  them  than  for  other 
churches,  but  they  have  been  prolific  of  men  whose  freedom 
of  thought  and  resolute  love  of  justice  showed  that  they  had 
been  suckled  with  the  milk  of  independency." 

"The  honor  of  making  the  first  ringing  declaration  in  a 
national  convention  belongs  to  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
Every  General  Conference  of  the  Church  since  1892  had  been 
memorialized  by  some  minor  body  pleading  for  action.  In 
1908  no  less  than  thirteen  annual  conferences  beside  various 
preachers'  meetings  presented  memorials.  The  bishops  in  a 
cautious  way  devoted  a  large  part  of  their  episcopal  address 
to  the  subject.  The  Committee  on  the  State  of  the  Church 
presented  a  brave  and  outspoken  report,  culminating  in  a 
kind  of  Bill  of  Rights  for  labor,  and  ending  in  a  splendid 
summons  to  all  the  militant  forces  of  this  great  Church  to 
do  their  part  in  the  pressing  duty  of  the  hour." 

"Immediately  after  the  Methodist  General  Conference,  in 
December,  1908,  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America  was  organized  at  Philadelphia,  representing  and 
uniting  thirty-three  Protestant  denominations.  This  organiza- 
tion marked  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  American  Protestantism. 
But  no  other  session  created  so  profound  an  interest  as  that 
devoted  to  'Social  Service.'  The  report  of  the  Commission 
was  heard  with  tense  feeling,  which  broke  into  prolonged 
and  enthusiastic  applause  at  the  close.  The  Bill  of  Rights 
adopted  by  the  Methodist  Conference  was  presented  with  some 
changes  and  adopted  without  the  slightest  disposition  to  halt 
it  at  any  point." 

"Nearly  every  great  denominational  convention  since  that 
time  has  felt  the  obligation  to  make  a  serious  pronouncement 


22     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

on  the  social  questions.  In  several  cases  the  social  creed  of 
the  Federal  Council  was  adopted;  for  instance,  by  the  Con- 
gregational Council  in  1910.  When  any  change  was  made, 
it  was  in  the  direction  of  increased  emphasis." 

One  of  the  first  results  of  the  formation  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  was  the 
organization  of  a  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service.  This  has  co-ordinated  the  work  of  the  various 
denominations  and  in  this  field  there  have  been  taken  the 
most  significant  steps  toward  realizing  the  fundamental 
unity  of  Christendom.  It  is  significant  that  in  1906,  ''when 
the  Congregationalists,  the  United  Brethren  and  the 
Methodist  Protestant  bodies,  together  comprising  over  a 
million  members,  were  on  the  point  of  entering  into  organic 
union,  a  creed  was  adopted  in  which  one  of  the  five  articles 
was  wholly  devoted  to  the  social  duty  of  the  Church: 
'We  believe  that  according  to  Christ's  law  men  of  the 
Christian  faith  exist  for  the  service  of  man,  not  only  in 
holding  forth  the  word  of  life,  but  in  the  support  of 
works  and  institutions  of  pity  and  charity,  in  the  main- 
tenance of  human  freedom,  in  the  deliverance  of  all  those 
that  are  oppressed,  in  the  enforcement  cff  civic  justice, 
and  in  the  rebuke  of  all  unrighteousness.' "  In  the  Men 
and  Religion  Forward  Movement  of  1910,  nothing  was 
more  remarkable  than  the  response  of  the  men  of  the 
churches  to  the  social  service  message  and  program. 

The  social  movement  has  reached  deep  down  into  the 
educational  work  of  the  churches.  It  is  now  influencing 
the  program  of  the  Sunday  School  and  Young  People's 
Societies,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  work  of  the  theological 
seminary;  and  is  expressing  itself  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  and  in  the  Jewish  Communion.  Prof.  Rauschen- 
bush  thus  summarizes  the  situation: 

"The  social  awakening  is  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  the 
American  churches,  and  it  will  move  with  the  slow  tread 
of  great  historic  events.  No  fair-minded  man  should  demand 
that  a  great  composite  body  like  the  Christian  Church 
shall  be  wide-awake  and  intelligent  at  the  dawn  of  a  new 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches       23 

era,  while  political  parties,  the  Law,  the  Press,  the  col- 
leges, and  the  working  class  itself  are  just  beginning  to 
rub  the  sleep  from  their  eyes.  For  years  to  come  this 
new  social  interest  in  the  churches  will  be  vague,  grop- 
ing, sentimental,  timid,  and  inefficient.  We  shall  follow 
false  cries  and  watchwords.  We  shall  be  like  an  army- 
moving  against  a  hillside  before  the  enemy's  batteries  are 
unmasked. 

"But  the  Church  is  moving,  and  the  Master  of  the 
Church  is  behind  it.  'He  has  sounded  forth  the  trumpet 
that  shall  never  blow  retreat.'  Even  in  these  first  uncertain 
days  the  Church  has  builded  better  than  it  knew.  It  has 
created  the  situation  that  is  to  educate  it.  Those  who 
come  after  us  will  judge  how  well  or  ill  we  played  our 
part,  but  whenever  men  hereafter  write  the  story  of  how 
Christendom  became  Christian,  they  will  have  to  begin  a 
new  chapter  at  the  years  in  which  we  are  now  living. 

"1  confess  that  my  faith  falters  in  the  very  act  of  pro- 
fessing it.  The  possibilities  are  so  vast,  splendid,  so  far- 
reaching,  so  contradictory  of  all  historical  precedents,  that 
my  hope  may  be  doomed  to  failure.  The  American  churches 
may  write  one  more  chapter  in  the  long  biography  of  the 
disappointed  Christ,  which  our  sons  will  read  with  shame 
and  our  enemies  with  scorn.  But  for  the  present  the 
East  is  aflame  with  the  day  of  Jehovah,  and  a  thousand 
voices  are  calling.  If  failure  comes,  may  it  find  our 
sword  broken  at  the  hilt." 


II. 


CHURCH  SOCIAL   SERVICE   ORGANI- 
ZATIONS. 

WITH   EXECUTIVE   OR   FIELD    SECRETARIES. 

The  Federal  Council  Commission  on  the  Church  and 
Social  Service. 

history  and  organization. 

n^HE  Federal  Council,  including  thirty-one  evangelical 
•*"  denominations  and  communions  as  constituent  bodies, 
operates  in  the  interest  of  Social  Service  through  the  Com- 
mission on  the  Church  and  Social  Service,  appointed  at  the 
organization  of  the  Council  in  Philadelphia,  1908.  At 
Philadelphia,  the  previous  Committee  on  the  Church  and 
Modern  Industry  gave  utterance  to  a  message  v^^hich  was 
unanimously  adopted  by  the  Council,  has  become  historic, 
has  since  been  reaffirmed  by  practically  all  the  leading 
church  assemblies  and  received  v^ith  gladness  by  social 
leaders  and  workers  in  all  spheres  of  service. 

The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  was 
thoroughly  organized,  and  in  the  spring  of  191 1  Rev.  Charles 
S.  Macfarland  was  elected  as  its  Secretary,  its  offices  being 
in  association  with  those  of  the  Federal  Council. 

Dr.  Macfarland,  now  the  General  Secretary  of  the 
Federal  Council,  also  serves  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Com- 
mission. 

These  offices  contain  a  large  Social  Service  Library,  which 
adds  all  the  latest  books,  has  on  file  about  two  hundred 
social  and  industrial  magazines  and  papers,  and  contains  the 
literature  pertaining  to  social  work  issued  by  all  the  move- 
ments, both  religious  and  general. 

24 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       25 

Its  most  important  work  is  that  of  correlating  and  co- 
ordinating the  various  denominational  commissions  and 
movements ;  and  it  has  already  gone  a  long  .way  in  bringing 
the  denominational  work  into  unity. 


CONFERENCES. 

Its  first  Interdenominational  Conference  was  held  at 
Boston  in  June,  191 1,  and  consisted  of  representatives  of  the 
evangelical  denominations  which  were  definitely  organized 
in  the  interest  of  Social  Service.  This  preliminary  Con- 
ference requested  that  Secretaries  Macfarland,  Atkinson, 
Crouch,  Stelzle  and  Ward  arrange  for  an  Interdenomina- 
tional Conference  to  which  all  the  constituent  bodies  of  the 
Federal  Council  should  be  invited  to  send  delegates.  In 
accordance  with  this  action,  at  an  Interdenominational  Con- 
ference held  at  Chicago,  November,  191 1,  seventeen  denom- 
inations were  represented  by  delegates  elected  or  appointed 
by  denominational  action,  and  the  agreement  was  that 
the  various  denominational  committees  and  departments 
should  co-operate  through  the  Federal  Council  Commission. 

A  third  Conference,  with  a  large  attendance  representing 
nearly  all  the  constituent  denominations  of  the  Federal 
Council,  was  held  at  Chicago  in  December,  1912. 


SECRETARIAL     FORCES. 

A  Secretarial  Council  was  recommended,  to  consist  of 
the  denominational  secretaries  of  those  Commissions  having 
such  executives,  with  the  understanding  that  the  Secretary 
of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  should  represent  in  the 
Council  all  the  other  denominations  which  did  not  have 
executive  secretaries. 

The  Commission  has  voted  that  these  Secretaries  be  made 
Associate  Secretaries  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission, 
subject  to  the  acceptance  of  the  arrangement  by  the  denom- 
inational organizations.  These  Associate  Secretaries  are 
as  follows:  Henry  A.  Atkinson,  Secretary  of  the  Congre- 


26     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

gational  Commission  on  Social  Service;  Samuel  Z.  Batten, 
Secretary  of  the  Baptist  Department  of  Social  Service  and 
the  Brotherhood;  Frank  M.  Crouch,  Field  Secretary  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Joint  Commission;  Harry  F.  Ward, 
Secretary  of  the  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service. 
Through  this  Council  the  denominational  agencies  are  work- 
ing together,  issuing  their  literature  in  common,  dividing  the 
work  and  co-operating  at  every  possible  point,  both  nation- 
ally and  locally,  and  each  Secretary,  so  far  as  it  does  not 
interfere  with  his  denominational  interests,  is  making  his 
work  interdenominational. 

GENERAL    PLAN    OF    WORK. 

The  whole  work  of  the  Commission  is  proceeding  in  this 
way,  conceiving  its  function  to  be  that  of  bringing  the 
denominational  forces  to  work  together,  rather  than  con- 
sidering itself  as  an  independent  body.  Its  "Plan  of  Work" 
has  been  approved  and  adopted  by  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Federal  Council,  the  Interdenominational  Social 
Service  Conference  at  Chicago,  the  various  denominational 
Commissions  or  Committees,  and  was  also  approved  by  the 
Federal  Council  in  session  at  Chicago,  December,  i9i2. 

The  Commission  is  made  up  of  about  125  of  the  leading 
social  workers  of  the  nation,  who  represent  distinctively 
the  view-point  of  the  churches,  and  some  of  the  important 
items  in  its  current  program  are  as  follows : 

Close  relationship  is  being  established  with  the  theological 
seminaries,  the  schools  for  training  social  workers  and 
other  institutions  of  learning,  in  the  particuar  interest  of 
training  men  and  women  for  a  social  service  which  will 
have  the  distinctively  spiritual  point  of  view. 

The  Commission  is  working  in  close  relationship  with  all 
the  national  agencies  for  social  reform,  including  the 
National  Child  Labor  Committee,  the  Playground  and 
Recreation  Association,  the  American  Association  for  Labor 
Legislation,  and  all  other  like  organizations.  It  co-operates 
with  the  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction, 
the  Southern  Sociological  Congress,  and  similar  movements 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       27 

in  conducting  departments  of  the  Church  and  Social 
Service. 

Plans  are  arranged  to  co-operate  with  the  Industrial  and 
Social  Service  Departments  of  the  International  Committee 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations,  and  the  newly- 
created  Industrial  Department  of  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Associations,  and  the  Young  People's  Society  of  Chris- 
tion  Endeavor  and  kindred  societies,  so  that  the  work  of 
these  important  agencies  may  be  fully  available  for  the  use 
of  the  churches. 

One  of  its  most  important  movements  is  its  nation- 
wide campaign  for  one-day-in-seven  for  industrial  workers. 
Last  year,  on  Labor  Sunday,  over  twenty  thousand  pastors 
and  churches  are  known  to  have  carried  out  the  suggestions 
and  program  of  the  Commission,  and  in  most  of  the  pulpits 
the  question  of  the  industrial  seven-day  week  was  presented. 
Its  Secretaries  are  received  as  ''fraternal  delegates"  at  the 
annual  sessions  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 

The  Commission  also  participated  in  many  ways  in  the 
Men  and  Religion  Forward  Movement,  and  has  assisted  in 
the  conservation  work  of  its  Social  Service  Committees. 

The  various  Secretaries  of  the  Council  are  developing 
social  evangelism  and  civic  revivals,  and  they  are  available 
for  the  services  of  Church  Federations  and  other  organiza- 
tions in  local  communities  for  this  purpose. 

Several  important  investigations  have  been  made,  partic- 
ularly of  the  industrial  conditions  in  the  steel  industry  at 
South  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania;  the  industrial  warfare  at 
Muscatine,  Iowa;  and  at  the  present  time  a  Committee  is 
making  an  investigation  of  the  situation  revealed  at  Pater- 
son,  N.  J.  A  committee  has  also  been  instructed  to  report 
on  prison  conditions. 

The  literature  of  the  Commission  is  assuming  large  pro- 
portions, and  includes  the  reports  of  these  investigations, 
study  courses  and  bibliographies,  social  service  catechisms, 
and  similar  material  for  the  guidance  and  instruction  of 
pastors  and  church  classes,  covering  social  questions  and 
presenting  them  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  obligation 
and  opportunity  of  the  churches.     Arrangements  are  being 


28     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

made  to  publish  handbooks  jointly  with  other  organizations 
issuing  common  publications,  especially  those  issuing  Home 
Mission,  Industrial  and  Social  Service  Handbooks  like  the 
Missionary  Education  Movement,  and  the  Association  Press. 
The  Secretaries  themselves  contribute  to  the  literature  on 
Social  Service,  new  books  having  recently  appeared,  by 
Secretaries  Ward,  Batten  and  Macfarland. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  CHURCH  AND  COUNTRY  LIFE. 

One  of  the  most  important  movements  under  way  at  the 
present  moment  is  that  in  the  interest  of  country  life  and 
rural  betterment.  This  department  is  now  being  organized, 
preliminary  surveys  of  the  agencies  in  the  field  have  been 
made,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  work  will  be  carried  on  in 
a  genuinely  interdenominational  way  in  the  interest  of  the 
country  church. 

Rev.  Charles  O.  Gill  has  been  engaged  as  Field  Investiga- 
tor in  this  department,  and  the  first  results  of  this  work 
appear  in  "The  Country  Church,"  an  important  volume 
published  by  authority  of  the  Federal  Council.  Mr.  Gill 
has  also  investigated  rural  church  conditions  in  Europe, 
as  a  Commissioner  of  the  Federal  Council,  and  his  report 
will  be  issued  during  1914. 

The  churches  are  also  working  increasingly  together  in 
local  communities.  Most  of  the  Federations  of  Churches 
are  formed  with  community  problems  and  social  uplift  as 
their  objectives. 

The  Conservation  of  the  Men  and  Religion  Forward 
Movement  has  largely  been  through  the  Social  Service 
Committees. 

In  some  cities.  Social  Service  Secretaries  have  been 
engaged  to  give  their  whole  time  to  the  work  of  the 
federated  churches. 

Literature  describing  the  work  of  the  churches  in  asso- 
ciation with  the  Federal  Council  may  be  obtained  on  appli- 
cation to  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  Secretary,  612  United 
Charities  Building,  105  East  22nd  Street,  New  York, 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       29 


THE    FEDERAL    COUNCIL    COMMISSION. 

Organisation  for  J914. 

Rev.    Josiah    Strong,    Chairman. 

Prof.  George  W.  Richards,  Recording  Secretary. 


Prof.  Edward  T.  Devine 
Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson 
Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten 
William  F.  Cochran 
Rev.  Frank  M.  Crouch 
Miss  Grace  H.  Dodge 
Shelby  M.  Harrison 
Miss  Louise  Holmquist 


Committee  of  Direction. 

Rev.  J.  Howard  Melish 
Rev.  Frank  Mason  North 
William  B.  Patterson 
Gifford    Pinchot 
Rev.  Josiah  Strong 
Rev.  Charles  L.  Thompson 
Charles  R.  Towson 
Rev.  Harry  F.  Ward 


Committee  on  Church  and  Country  Life. 
Gifford   Pinchot  Rev.  William  I.  Haven 

Pres.  Kenyon  L.  Butterfield  Henry  Wallace 

Prof.  Thomas  N.  Carver  Rev.  Warren  H.  Wilson 

Members  of  the  Commission. 


Rev.  Ernest  H.  Abbott 
Rt.  Rev  C.  P.  Anderson 
Roger  W.  Babson 
Bishop  William  M.   Bell 
Mrs.   O.  Shepard   Barnum 
Bishop  S.  C.  Breyfogel 
Pres.  Franklin  E.  Brooke 
Pres.  George  C.  Chase 
Rev.  Orrin  G.  Cocks 
George  W.  Coleman 
Harris  R.  Cooley 
William  K.  Cooper 
Pres.  Boothe  C.  Davis 
Rev.   Jonathan    C.    Day 
Rev.  E.  Heyl  Delk 
John  J.  Eagan 
Prof.  Edwin  L.  Earp 
Richard  H.  Edwards 


Pres.  H.  L.  Elderdice 
H.  D.  W.  English 
Prof,  Daniel  Evans 
Bishop  Joseph  S.  Flipper 
Homer  Folks 
Rev.  W.  R.  Funk 
Rev.  Samuel  M.  Gibson 
Rev.  Levi  Gilbert 
Rev.  Washington  Gladden 
John  M.  Glenn 
Prof.  Thomas  C.  Hall 
Rev.  W.  H.  Hamblin 
Rev.  W.  F.  Heil 
Prof.  C.  R.  Henderson 
Prof.  James  R.  Howerton 
Prof.  C.  H.  Johnson 
Prof.  Rufus  M.  Jones 
Rev.  O.  F.  Jordan 


30     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


Paul  U.  Kellogg  Rev.  Doremus  Scudder 

Howard  A.  Kelly,  M.  D.  Miss  Florence  Simms 

Rev.  J.  H.  Kendall  Willard  L.  Small 

Rev.  William  E.  Lampe  Rev.  Samuel  G.  Smith 

John  B.  Lennon  Prof.   Edward  A.  Steiner 

Owen  R.  Lovejoy  Rev.  Charles  Stelzle 

Prof.  F.  E.  Lumley  Chancellor  D.   S.  Stephens 
Bishop  Francis  J.  McConnell         Rev.  Paul  M.  Strayer 

Rev.  J.   E.   McCulloch  Rev,  Carlyle  Summerbell 

Mrs.  R.  W.  MacDonnell  Very   Rev.   W.  T.   Sumner 

Miss  Mary  E.  McDowell  Rev.  E.  Guy  Talbott 

A.  J.  McKelway  Fred  E.  Tasker 

Pres.  David  McKinney  Prof.  A.  W.  Taylor 

Rev.  H.  H.  McNeill  Prof.  Graham  Taylor 

Rev.  H.  H.  Marlin  Rev.  John  A.  Thurston 

Rev.  J.  W.  Messinger  Rev.  Worth  M.  Tippy 

Rev.  Alfred  E.  Meyer  Rev  A.  J.  Turkic 
James  Alexander  Miller,  M.  D.      Rev.  Samuel  Tyler 

Frank  Morrison  Rev.  T.  W.  Wallace 

Pres.  S.  K.  Mosiman  Bishop  Alexander  Walters 

Rev.  C.  J.  Musser  Rev,  George  T.  Webb 

Rev,  H,  H.  Peters  Rev.  A.  E.  Webster 

Rev.  John  P.  Peters  Pres.  Herbert  Welch 

Rev.  O.  W.   Powers  Rev.  G.  Frederick  Wells 

Rev,  H.  H.  Proctor  Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White 

Pres,  H.  F.  Rail  Rev.  Leighton  Williams 

James  A.  Rath  John  Williams 

Prof.  Walter  Rauschenbusch  Rev.  G.  B.  Winton 

Rev.  John  A.  Rice  Rev.  Edward  S.  Wolle 

Rev,  Peter  Roberts  Miss  Carolena  M.  Wood 

Mrs.  Raymond  Robins  Rev.  E.  S.  Woodring 

Miss  Helen  J.  Sanborn  Rev.  James  F.  Zwemer 
A.   M.  Scales 

Secretarial  Council 

Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson 14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten  ,.1701  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Rev.  Frank  M.  Crouch 281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York 

Rev.  Charles  O.  Gill Hartland,  Vt. 

Rev.  Harry  F.  Ward 2512  Park  Place,  Evanston,  111. 

Rev.  Charles  O.  Gill Field  Investigator  for  Country  Life 

Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland Secretary 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      31 


The  Department  op   Social   Service  and  Brotherhood 
OF  the  Northern   Baptist  Convention. 

The  people  called  Baptists  by  their  very  history  and  fun- 
damental principles  should  be  interested  in  the  Social  Gos- 
pel and  in  Social  Service.  The  beginnings  of  the  modern 
Baptist  churches  are  found  in  the  Anabaptist  movement 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  has  become  quite  evident  to 
the  student  of  history  that  this  was  quite  as  much  a  social 
as  a  religious  movement.  The  leaders  of  the  new  faith 
preached  the  Kingdom  of  God;  they  threw  their  emphasis 
upon  what  was  called  "the  Gospel  of  the  common  man"; 
they  believed  that  the  Gospel  was  a  matter  of  experience 
and  life;  and  they  earnestly  sought  to  establish  justice  in 
Church  and  Society.  Their  doctrines  were  in  advance  of 
the  times  and  it  fared  hardly  with  them.  From  one  cause 
and  another  the  Social  emphasis  was  largely  lost.  And  so 
far  as  the  Social  Gospel  is  concerned  the  Baptists  have 
differed  in  no  essential  respect  from  other  Christian  bodies. 
It  is  true  that  the  Baptist  principle  was  developed  in  some 
of  its  bearings,  and  great  emphasis  fell  upon  the  negative 
idea — the  separation  of  Church  and  State.  In  its  political 
bearing  the  Baptist  principle  meant  democracy  in  govern- 
ment; and  impartial  historians  give  great  honor  to  the  Bap- 
tists for  their  services  in  this  respect. 

In  all  of  their  history  Baptists  have  been  active  in  various 
lines  of  practical  effort.  It  was  perhaps  natural  that  they 
should  be  among  the  first  in  modern  times  to  take  an  active 
interest  in  missions.  Baptists  were  among  the  pioneers  in 
Sunday-school  work.  During  the  American  Revolution 
Baptists  almost  to  a  man  supported  the  colonists  and  ad- 
vocated independence.  In  all  times  they  have  been  active 
in  general  philanthropy.  But  in  this  respect  it  can  hardly 
be  said  that  they  have  been  conspicuous  above  others  on 
social  duties. 

The  social  emphasis  early  ceased  among  the  Baptists 
and  the  Social  Gospel  dropped  out  of  the  current  of  Baptist 
life;  so  far  as  the  social  aspects  of  the  Gospel  are  concerned, 


32     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Baptists  have  differed  in  no  essential  respect  from  other 
bodies  of  Christians.  In  fact,  strangely  enough,  it  may  be 
said  that  Baptists  have  been  somewhat  tardy  in  their  accept- 
ance of  the  modern  idea  of  Social  Service. 

Twenty  years  ago  a  little  company  of  Baptists,  ministers 
and  laymen,  met  in  Philadelphia  and  organized  "The 
Brotherhood  of  the  Kingdom."  In  its  spirit  and  aims  we 
find  the  following:  "The  Spirit  of  God  is  moving  men  in 
our  generation  toward  a  better  understanding  of  the  ideas 
of  the  Kingdom  of  God  on  earth.  Obeying  the  thought  of 
our  Master,  and  trusting  in  the  prayer  and  guidance  of  his 
spirit,  we  form  ourselves  into  a  Brotherhood  of  the  King- 
dom, in  order  to  re-establish  this  idea  in  the  thought  of  the 
church  and  to  assist  in  its  practical  realization  in  the 
world." 

"Each  member  shall  lay  special  emphasis  on  the  Social 
aims  of  Christianity,  and  shall  endeavor  to  make  Christ's 
teaching  concerning  wealth  operative  in  the  church." 

"On  the  other  hand  the  members  shall  take  pains  to 
keep  in  contact  with  the  common  people,  and  infuse  the 
religious  spirit  into  efforts  for  social  amelioration." 

This  was  one  of  the  very  first  organized  expressions  of 
the  new  social  spirit  that  is  now  so  manifest  in  our  land. 
And  it  is  significant  that  it  was  inspired  by  the  idea  of  the 
kingdom  of  God  as  a  divine  human  society  on  earth. 

The  Brotherhood  within  a  year  broadened  its  scope  and 
became  interdenominational.  Through  all  these  years  the 
members  have  thrown  great  emphasis  upon  the  social  aspect 
of  the  Gospel.  And  a  number  of  the  Baptist  members  of 
the  Brotherhood  have  been  very  active  in  developing  the 
Social  Service  idea  within  the  Baptist  fellowship.  Among 
the  early  Baptist  members  who  have  been  active  in  this  line 
may  be  mentioned:  Dr.  George  Dana  Boardman,  Prof.  W. 
N.  Clarke,  Prof.  Walter  Rauschenbusch,  Dr.  Leighton  Wil- 
liams, Prof.  Spencer  B.  Meeser,  Prof.  Samuel  Z.  Batten. 

Until  the  last  few  years  the  Baptists  have  had  no  organiza- 
tion which  represented  them  as  a  body  in  their  whole  work 
for  the  Kingdom.  We  had  a  number  of  organizations  rep- 
resenting  the   church;   but   each   organization   represented 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       33 

one  department  of  the  work,  as  the  Foreign  Missionary 
Society,  the  Home  Mission  Society,  the  PubHcation  Society, 
etc.  In  May,  1905,  at  St.  Louis,  during  the  meeting  of  the 
Home  Mission  Society,  Rev.  S.  Z.  Batten,  then  of  Lincoln, 
Neb.,  offered  the  following  resolution : 

Whereas,  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  has  come  to  redeem  the 
world  and  to  fulfill  the  Kingdom  of  God;  and  whereas  the 
Christian  is  interested  in  everything  that  concerns  man's 
moral  progress,  and  is  called  to  act  as  the  mediator  between 
all  classes  of  people. 

Therefore,  resolved:  That  a  Committee  of  Seven  be  ap- 
pointed to  study  the  relation  of  the  church  to  the  social 
questions  of  our  time  and  to  endeavor  to  bring  about  more 
harmonious  relations  between  the  Christian  people  and  work- 
ing men;  and  Resolved:  That  this  Committee  shall  have 
power  and  be  authorized  to  bring  any  questions  of  pressing 
importance  to  the  attention  of  our  Baptist  people  and  to 
secure  their  support  in  behalf  of  such  social  and  reform 
measures. 

This  resolution  was  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Home  Mission  Society.  The  next  year,  at  Dayton, 
this  Com.mittee  reported  as  follows: 

''At  the  meeting  last  year  the  Society  referred  to  the 
Board  a  resolution  introduced  for  the  appointment  of  a 
committee  to  study  the  relation  of  the  church  to  the  social 
questions  of  our  time.  After  much  consideration  your 
Board  is  not  prepared  to  recommend  that  the  Society  should 
assume  responsibility  for  the  appointment  of  such  a  com- 
mittee, thereby  practically  creating  a  department  of  Christian 
Economics,  with  the  numerous  debatable  questions  in- 
volved, requiring  more  time  for  their  just  consideration  than 
is  available  in  the  brief  and  crowded  annual  session  of  the 
Society.  It  seems,  however,  that  matters  of  this  character 
may  be  very  properly  considered  by  the  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  Baptists  of  North  America  to  which  it  is  re- 
spectfully suggested  they  be  referred."  The  Baptists  were 
not  ready  to  approve  this  new  interest  and  nothing  could 
be  done. 

In  the  meantime  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention  was 


34     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

being  organized  to  represent  the  denomination  in  their 
whole  work  for  the  Kingdom.  The  first  regular  meeting 
of  the  Convention  was  held  at  Oklahoma  City  in  May,  1908. 
During  the  Convention  a  Conference  of  representative  men 
decided  that  a  resolution  be  presented,  calling  for  the  crea- 
tion of  a  Social  Service  Commission,  and  the  following  was 
offered  and  adopted  by  the  Convention: 

Resolved:  That  we  request  the  Northern  Baptist  Con- 
vention to  appoint  a  committee  of  seven  to  study  what  is 
being  done  in  the  field  of  social  service.  To  report  the 
results  from  time  to  time  to  the  churches  through  the 
religious  press,  and  to  report  the  total  results  to  the  Con- 
vention of  1909,  together  with  such  recommendations  based 
thereon  as  may  be  deemed  advisable. 

As  time  has  gone  by  and  the  work  has  developed  other 
lines  of  interest  and  effort  have  been  committed  to  the 
Commission,  such  as  the  Country  Church  and  Temperance. 
Two  years  later  the  Commission  was  increased  to  fifteen 
and  it  was  made  a  department  of  the  Convention.  In  1913 
the  Commission  was  further  increased  by  the  addition  of 
three  women. 

The  Commission  during  all  the  earlier  years  depended 
wholly  upon  volunteer  workers.  But  it  did  much  to  promote 
the  Social  Service  idea  and  to  develop  an  active  interest 
in  the  church.  The  Commission  has  presented  a  compre- 
hensive report  each  year,  defining  Social  Service,  outlining 
a  program  of  action  and  suggesting  practical  lines  of  effort. 

In  May,  i9i2,  at  the  meeting  of  the  Convention  held  in 
Des  Moines,  the  resolution  was  adopted,  recommending 
to  the  American  Baptist  Publication  Society  the  considera- 
tion of  this  work,  and  authorizing  the  Commission  to  make 
such  arrangements  with  the  Society  as  seemed  desirable 
for  carrying  on  this  work. 

In  the  following  September,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
the  American  Baptist  Publication  Society,  a  Department  of 
Social  Service  and  Brotherhood  was  created,  and  Prof.  S. 
Z.  Batten,  of  Des  Moines  College,  was  elected  Secretary. 
The  work  of  Social  Service  is  thus  fully  recognized  by  the 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       35 

denomination  and  is  placed  on  an  equality  with  all  other 
departments  of  work. 

The  Commission  is  securing  the  creation  of  State  Com- 
missions in  all  the  territory  of  the  Convention;  thus  far 
nearly  every  state  has  acted  favorably.  In  several  states, 
efficient  work  has  been  done.  The  Commission  is  issuing 
much  literature  of  various  kinds  bearing  upon  Social 
Service.  It  is  issuing  a  number  of  volumes  for  Social 
Service  Study  under  tLj  general  title,  "The  Social  Service 
Series,"  The  Commission  has  also  been  active  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  Country  Church.  Two  years  ago  the 
Convention  urged  every  church  to  develop  a  "constructive 
program  for  service  of  the  social  needs  of  the  community, 
either  singly  or  in  the  largest  possible  co-operation  with 
others.'*  To  meet  this  demand  the  Commission  has  sub- 
mitted and  the  Convention  has  approved  "The  Social 
Service  Program;"  this  suggests  some  definite  and  practi- 
cal lines  of  social  effort  in  the  Church,  in  the  Family,  in 
the  Community,  and  in  Industry.  The  Commission  co- 
operating with  the  Commission  on  Religious  and  Moral  Edu- 
cation, has  worked  out  a  comprehensive  system  of  Social 
Studies  for  Sunday  Schools,  Young  People's  Society,  Adult 
Classes,  Brotherhoods  and  Study  Groups  dealing  with  many 
phases  of  Social  Study,  such  as  "The  Social  Ideals  of  the 
Old  Testament,"  "The  Social  Teaching  of  Jesus,"  "The 
Social  Awakening,"  "The  Principles  of  Social  Service," 
"Social  Institutions,"  "Social  Duties,"  "Social  Problems," 
"Community  Study,"  "Vocational  Outlook." 

The  Commission  has  not  sought  to  build  up  another 
organization  to  do  Social  Service  work  in  the  churches  or 
in  communities.  It  has  sought  rather  to  infuse  the  social 
service  spirit  into  existing  organizations,  to  indicate  ways 
whereby  these  organizations  can  become  socially  effective, 
to  gear  up  the  devotion  of  our  people  to  the  social  task  of 
their  communities,  and  to  promote  the  practical  efficiency  of 
existing  agencies.  The  objectives  of  the  Social  Service 
Department  are  as  follows: 

To  make  known  the  principles  of  Social  Christianity. 


36     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

To  interpret  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  in  terms  of  human 
life  and  social  redemption. 

To  arouse  the  spirit  of  Social  Service  in  all  of  our 
churches. 

To  secure  the  co-operation  of  our  churches  with  all  other 
agencies  doing  Social  Service  work. 

To  suggest  lessons  in  Social  Service  study  for  our  people. 

To  outline  definite  and  constructive  programs  for  our 
churches  in  their  work  for  community  betterment. 

To  interpret  the  spirit  and  aims  of  the  churches  to  the 
industrial  workers  of  our  land. 

To  show  that  the  Christian  Gospel  leads  to  social  effort 
and  that  true  social  effort  is  essentially  Christian. 

To  represent  the  denomination  in  an  official  capacity  at 
all  meetings  where  Labor  and  Social  Service  are  discussed. 

The  Department  seeks  to  realize  this  objective  by  the 
following  means: 

By  the  discussion  of  Social  Service  work  in  the  meetings 
of  our  churches. 

By  the  consideration  of  the  work  of  Social  Service  at 
associational  meetings  and  state  conventions. 

By  holding  conferences  and  conventions  at  such  times 
and  places  as  seem  necessary. 

By  distributing  and  publishing  literature  bearing  upon 
this  work. 

By  preparing  Social  Service  Study  lessons  and  by  Corre- 
spondence Courses. 

By  the  utilization  of  a  speakers'  bureau. 

By  co-operating  with  the  Theological  Seminaries  in  the 
work  of  Seminary  Extension. 

By  giving  special  attention  to  the  Country  Church  in  its 
relation  to  Community  Service. 

By  conducting  Headquarters  with  a  reference  library  and 
card  index  covering  all  phases  of  the  work. 

The  members  of  the  Commission  are: 

Prof.  Mitchell  Carroll,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Geo.  W.  Coleman,  Boston,  Mass. 
Mrs.   E.  J.  Goodspeed,   Chicago. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations  _  37. 

Prof.  C.  J.  Galpin,  Madison,  Wis. 
Mrs.  Helen  B.  Montgomery,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Prof.    C.   R.   Henderson,   Chicago. 
Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Dean  Shailer  Mathews,  Chicago 
Mrs.  Geo.  H.  Ferris,  Philadelphia. 
Rev.  Harold  Pattison,  New  York. 
Prof.  Walter  Rauschenbusch,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Prof.  W.  E.  Rafferty,  Kansas  City,  Kan. 
Rev.  W.  Q.  Rosselle,  Philadelphia. 
Rev.  Geo.  T.  Webb,  Philadelphia. 
Rev.  Louis  J.  Sawyer,  San  Francisco, 

Rev.  A.  W.  Wishart,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  with  Prof.  S.  Z. 
Batten  as  chairman  and  Dr.  Geo.  T.  Webb  as  Secretary. 

In  191 1,  at  Philadelphia,  at  the  meeting  of  the  Baptist 
World  Alliance,  a  resolution  signed  by  a  number  of  delegates 
was  presented,  calling  for  the  appointment  of  a  World  Al- 
liance Social  Service  Commission.  The  Commission  organized 
by  electing  Dr.  John  Clifford,  of  London,  President,  and  a 
Vice-President  for  each  country  in  the  Alliance.  A  central 
Executive  of  five  v^as  created,  consisting  of  Pres.  M.  G. 
Evans,  Pres.  E.  Y.  Mullins,  Prof.  Walter  Rauschenbusch  and 
Prof.  S.  Z.  Batten  as  Chairman  and  Rev.  J.  W.  Graves  as 
Secretary.  Efforts  are  being  made  and  with  marked 
success,  to  secure  the  creation  of  a  Commission  in  each 
country  of  the  globe.  Many  things  indicate  that  the  Baptist 
body  throughout  the  world  is  accepting  the  Social  Gospel 
and  is  taking  an  active  interest  in  Social  Service. 

The   Commission   publishes   a   number   of   leaflets   which 
will  be  sent  to  all  who  desire  copies. 


38     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


Social    Service    Commission    of    the    Congregational 
Church. 

The  members  of  the  Commission  are: 

Fred  B.  Hill,  Northfield,  Minn.,  Henry  M.  Beardsley,  Kansas 
City,  Mo.,  Graham  Taylor,  Chicago,  111.,  Washington  Gladden, 
Columbus,  Ohio,  John  P.  Sanderson,  Chicago,  111.,  Frederick 
A.  Sumner,  Milford,  Conn.,  Edwin  B.  Robinson,  Holyobe, 
Mass.,  Willard  B.  Thorpe,  San  Diego,  Cal.,  Arthur  E.  Holt, 
Manhattan,  Kan. 

The  purpose  of  the  Commission  is  to  serve  the  causes  of 
Industry,  Country  Life,  Social  Service,  Organized  Charity, 
and  Men's  Work. 

This  Commission  is  a  development  from  the  work  of  the 
Department  of  Labor  and  Social  Service  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Brotherhood  of  America  which  it  has  incorporated. 
This  Department  grew  out  of  the  feeHng  that  the  time  had 
come  for  action  on  the  vital  issues  of  our  time,  upon  which 
all  the  great  fellowships  of  American  Churches  have  taken 
their  position. 

For  over  nine  years  the  Congregational  Churches,  through 
their  representative  bodies,  had  been  proposing  the  establish- 
ment of  a  department  dealing  with  industrial  conditions. 
The  need  was  keenly  felt,  the  practical  difficulty  being  that 
there  was  no  organization  to  become  responsible  for  such 
action. 

At  the  National  Council  held  in  Boston,  October,  191 1, 
the  Congregational  Brotherhood  of  America  was  requested 
"to  assume  the  function  of  executive  agency  for  the 
churches  in  order  to  promote  the  study  and  knowledge  of 
local  industrial  conditions  and  relations,  to  enlist  them  and 
their  memberships  in  practical  efforts  for  the  improvement 
of  living  and  working  conditions  in  accordance  with  Chris- 
tian principles.''  It  was  also  voted  that  the  Brotherhood  be 
requested  to  appoint  a  Secretary  of  Labor  and  Social 
Service,  and  institute  such  other  means  as  may  be  employed 
for  the  effective  exercise  of  this  executive  function. 

The    Brotherhood   was   voted   the    endorsement    and   co- 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       39 

operation  of  all  the  churches  participating  in  the  action  of 
their  National  Council. 

The  new  Department  was  introduced  by  the  Moderator  of 
the  National  Council  in  the  following  terms: 

"The  Congregational  Churches  by  their  democratic  constitu- 
tion, as  well  as  by  their  Christian  Loyalty,  have  always  been 
in  closest  sympathy  with  human  and  social  situations.  In 
movements  for  the  betterment  of  Society,  Congregationalism 
has  been  pre-eminent. 

"The  minutes  of  National  Councils  are  usually  considered 
dry  reading,  but  those  of  the  Congregational  Churches  are 
certainly  inspiring,  for  they  have  to  do  not  only  with  the  vital- 
ities of  our  faith,  but  with  the  needs  of  our  world.  The  first 
Council  in  Oberlin,  in  1871,  dealt  with  such  questions,  as 
*The  Unity  of  the  Church',  'The  Consolidation  of  the  Be- 
nevolent Societies',  'The  Recent  Treaty  with  Great  Britain', 
'Indian  Affairs  in  Oregon',  'Intemperance  and  Caste',  and 
every  Council  since  then  has  demonstrated  the  warm  and  pulsing 
heart-beat  of  our  interest  in  the  amelioration  of  unjust  and 
unrighteous  conditions,  while  affording  the  evidence  of  our 
united  prayers  for  the  coming  day, 

'That  man  to  man  the  warld  o'er 
Shall  brothers  be  for  a'  that.' 

"It  is  therefore  in  the  lines  of  our  denominational  tradition 
and  development,  that  beneath  the  urgency  of  new  occasions 
which  teach  new  duties,  we  should  emphasize  our  conviction, 
and  accentuate  our  definite  interest  in  the  present  social  and 
labor  situation,  when  ethics  as  well  as  economics  are  clamor- 
ing for  recognition,  sympathy,  and  acceptance  on  the  part  of 
all  right  minded,  not  to  say,  Christian  people.  This  we  have 
done  by  asking  the  Brotherhood,  our  young  virile,  and  grow- 
ing fellowship,  to  be  for  our  denomination,  representative, 
interpreter,  and  inspirer.  It  means  a  new  recognition  of  the 
study  of  these  imperative  questions,  for  Congregationalism  has 
slight  respect  for  zeal  without  knowledge.  It  means  a  more 
efficient  participation  in  the  tragic  human  struggle,  enlisting 
the  full  weight  of  our  denominational  prestige  upon  the  side 
of  sympathy,  honor,  righteousness;  it  means  the  kindling  of 
a  quicker,  hotter  passion  within  our  own  communion,   for  the 


40     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

weal  of  humanity,   and  the   setting   at  work  in   more   effective 
relationships  of  the  eternal  principles  of  our  Gospel." 

The  Department  adopted  for  its  industrial  platform  the 
declaration  of  principles  made  and  adopted  by  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  in  1908,  and 
announced  as  its  functions: 

To  arouse  our  churches  to  a  sense  of  obligation  for  the 
best  Community  Interests; 

To  impress  the  importance  of  Social  Service; 

To  help  secure  more  perfect  justice  for  all  men; 

To  bring  about  a  closer  co-operation  of  our  Churches 
with  the  other  agencies  and  organizations  v^hich  are  working 
for  social  uplift; 

To  direct  the  awakened  social  spirit  into  lines  of  greater 
efficiency ; 

To  gather  information  as  to  what  needs  to  be  done,  as 
well  as  what  is  being  done,  by  our  Churches  and  Brother- 
hoods for  Labor  and  Social  Service; 

To  bring  about  a  better  understanding  between  organized 
Capital,  organized  Labor  and  organized  Religion; 

To  apply  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  to  the  Industrial  needs 
of  our  day. 

First  among  the  declaration  of  principles  upon  which  our 
new  department  is  founded  is  this : 

"We  stand  for  equal  rights  and  complete  justice  for  all 
men  in  all  stations  of  life." 

There's  a  gospel,  if  we  can  get  it  understood. 

And  this,  too,  is  the  real  ''old  time  religion.''  Listen  to 
Isaiah:  "Your  hands  are  full  of  blood,  Wash  you !  Make  you 
clean!  Put  away  the  evil  of  your  doings  from  before  mine 
eyes!  Cease  to  do  evil !  Learn  to  do  right !  Seek  justice  I 
Relieve  the  oppressed!  Secure  justice  for  the  orphan  and 
plead  for  the  widow!"  And  this  from  Micah:  "He  hath 
shewed  thee,  oh  man,  what  is  good;  and  what  doth  Jehovah 
require  of  thee,  but  to  do  justly  and  love  kindness,  and  to 
walk  humbly  with  thy  God." 

This  department  is  going  to  help  men  to  understand  each 
other  better;  the  employer  to  understand  the  employe;  the 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       41 

employe  to  understand  the  employer  and  the  public  to  under- 
stand both.  It  is  going  to  help  all  three  find  a  basis  for 
working  out  justice  to  them  all — to  help  them  be  just  to 
each  other. 

We  are  seeking  to  realize  our  objective  by  the  following 
means : 

(i)  By  discussion  of  Social  Service  problems  in  public 
meetings. 

(2)  Through  literature  printed  and  distributed. 

(3)  Through  the  study  course  we  are  offering. 

(4)  By  the  utilization  of  our  speakers'  bureau. 

(5)  By  presentation  of  these  subjects  at  the  state  con- 
ference of  our  churches. 

(6)  By  means  of  conventions  and  special  group  con- 
ferences. 

It  was  at  the  National  Council  of  1913  that  the  work  of 
the  Department  of  Labor  and  Social  Service  was  merged 
into  a  large  undertaking.  At  this  gathering  a  social 
service  commission  of  nine  members  was  added  to  the 
denominational  agencies,  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the 
country  life  and  church,  to  deal  with  city  problems  and 
progress,  and  to  improve  industrial  conditions  and  relations. 
Toward  these  ends,  the  Congregational  Brotherhood  turned 
over  its  national  work  to  this  commission,  and  dropping 
its  national  organization,  decided  to  devote  its  energy  to 
its  state  and  local  brotherhoods.  Women  are  thus  made 
eligible  to  participate  in  the  direction  of  the  social  and 
community  work  in  which  they  have  always  borne  so  large 
a  part. 

The  Rev.  H.  A.  Atkinson,  formerly  the  secretary  of  the 
Brotherhood,  becomes  executive  secretary  of  the  Social 
Service  Commission.  While  his  special  function  and  that 
of  the  Social  Service  Commission  will  be  to  inspire, 
inform,  rally  and  deploy  Congregationalists  in  applying  the 
common  faith  to  the  improvement  of  the  social  conditions 
of  the  common  life,  yet  their  function  was  also  specified 
to  be  co-operation  with  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches 
of  Christ  in  America,  and  with  any  and  all  other  fellow- 


42     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

ships   at   work   to   promote   that   righteousness,   peace   and 
joy  in  which  the  "kingdom  of  the  Father"  consists. 

The  clear  conviction  of  the  denomination  finds  expression 
in  the  new  creed  adopted  at  Kansas  City : 

"We  hold  it  to  be  the  mission  of  the  Church  of  Christ  to 
proclaim  the  Gospel  to  all  mankind,  exalting  the  worship  of 
the  one  true  God,  and  laboring  for  the  progress  of  knowl- 
edge, the  promotion  of  justice,  the  triumph  of  peace,  and  the 
realization  of  human  brotherhood.  Depending,  as  did  our 
fathers,  upon  the  continued  guidance  of  the  Holy  Spirit  to 
lead  us  into  all  truth,  we  work  and  pray  for  the  transforma- 
tion of  the  world  into  the  kingdom  of  God ;  and  we  look 
with  faith  for  the  triumph  of  righteousness  and  for  life  and 
glory  everlasting." 

The  Kansas  City  Times,  commenting  on  this  creed,  said: 

"A  great  forward  step  in  this  formal  recognition,  as  the 
basic  principles  of  an  ecclesiastical  confession  of  faith,  the 
promotion  of  justice,  the  progress  of  knowledge,  the  hasten- 
ing of  peace,  and  the  realization  of  human  brotherhood,  as 
the  true  mission  of  the  Church  of  Christ.  That  is  the  true 
mission  of  every  religion  worth  believing,  and  thus  the  way 
is  paved  for  the  realization  of  this  splendid  dream  of  unity, 
which,  when  realized,  will  cast  aside  more  of  the  mooring  cables 
which  have  in  the  past  been  mistaken  for  the  chains  that 
link  the  Church  to  the  throne  of  God.  The  Church  is  making 
banners  out  of  its  shrouds  and  cerements  one  by  one  and 
is  hearing  the  wireless  call  of  brotherhood  that  sends  it  to 
the  rescue  of  the  perishing  of  whom  it  sang  in  the  old  days 
without  paying  much  attention  to  the  lower  lights  along  the 
shore. 

"Can  any  real  Christian,  down  In  the  silent  depths  of  his 
praying  heart,  doubt  that  such  a  confession  of  faith  as  that 
which  has  been  adopted  by  the  Congregational  council  would 
have  met  with  the  joyful  approbation  of  the  great  Founder 
of  the  Christian  faith?  Can  he  doubt  that,  from  the  cruel 
anguish  of  Cavalry,  He  would  have  smiled  radiantly  upon 
the  declaration  that  the  mission  of  the  Church  built  upon  His 
life,  death  and  resurrection  was  to  make  men  wiser,  juster, 
at  peace  with  each  other — brothers?  Not  merely  the  brothers 
of  unctuous  hymns,  of  sonorous  prayers,  of  dust-dry  creeds; 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       43 

not  the  brothers  of  fractricidal  strifes  and  unfraternal  hates. 
But  the  brethren  of  the  Elder  Brother.  'Behold,  now  are  we 
all — all — the  sons  of  God.'  " 


The  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service. 

On  December  3,  1907,  in  the  city  of  Washington,  the 
Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service  was  organized  by 
a  body  of /minsters  and  laymen  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

The  organizers  came  from  various  parts  of  the  country. 
The  conviction  had  for  years  been  taking  shape  in  the 
minds  of  many  that  the  Church  should  organize  for  this 
purpose.  This  spontaneous  conviction,  added  to  the  fact 
that  many  others  who  were  unable  to  attend  the  meeting 
had  made  known  their  hearty  interest  in  the  project,  was 
favorable  to  the  belief  that  it  was  timely  and  providential. 
The  movement  was  a  response  also  to  a  demand  manifesting 
itself  in  various  ways  throughout  the  denomination. 

Before  the  General  Conference  of  1892  was  placed  a 
memorial  on  The  Church  and  Social  Problems — a  memorial 
prepared  with  great  care  by  a  committee  of  the  New  York 
East  Conference  and  adopted  by  that  body  with  deep  con- 
viction, no  one  dissenting.  In  1896  a  similar  memorial 
was  presented  from  the  same  Conference.  To  successive 
General  Conferences  memorials  had  gone  up  from  various 
sections  of  the  church,  asking  for  some  strong  statement 
upon  current  social  questions.  At  Los  Angeles,  in  i9o4,  a 
report  was  presented  covering  certain  phases  of  the  subject, 
but  no  action  upon  it  was  secured. 

To  the  General  Conference  meeting  at  Baltimore,  in  i9o8, 
memorials  were  presented  from  several  Annual  Conferences ; 
one  asked  that  a  Department  of  Church  and  Labor  be 
established  by  the  Board  of  Home  Missions,  another  that 
a  special  Secretary  of  Immigration  be  appointed,  a  third 
that  a  commission  be  formed  to  investigate  during  the 
coming  quadrennium  the  relation  of  the  church  to  these 
vital  questions  and  to  report  their  conclusions  to  the  next 
General  Conference,    To  these  were  added  one  from  the 


44     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

newly  organized  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service, 
asking  recognition  and  setting  forth  its  aims. 

In  response  to  these  appeals  the  Committee  on  the  State 
of  the  Church  prepared  and  presented  to  the  General  Con- 
ference a  statement  which  was  unanimously  adopted  by 
that  body. 

This  utterance  will  have  permanent  historic  significance 
because  it  contained  The  Social  Creed  of  Methodism,  which 
has  since  been  expanded  by  joint  action  into  the  Social 
Creed  of  the  Churches. 

The  General  Conference  of  1908  also  recognized  the 
Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service,  directed  that  three 
bishops  should  be  appointed  to  its  Council,  and  assigned 
to  it  the  following  questions  for  investigation  and  report 
to  the  General  Conference  of  1912. 

"Wihat  principles  and  measures  of  social  reform  are  so 
evidently  righteous  and  Christian  as  to  demand  the  specific 
approval  and  support  of  the  Church?" 

"How  can  the  agencies  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
be  wisely  used  or  altered  with  a  view  to  promoting  the  prin- 
ciples and  measures  thus  approved?" 

"How  may  we  best  co-operate  in  this  behalf  with  other 
Christian  denominations?" 

"How  can  our  courses  of  ministerial  study  in  seminaries  and 
conferences  be  modified  with  a  view  to  better  preparation 
of  our  preachers  for  efficiency  in  a  social  reform?" 

These  questions  were  carefully  considered  during  the 
quadrennium  by  a  representative  committee,  the  results  of 
whose  labors  were  turned  over  to  the  Executive  Committee, 
which  drafted  the  final  answers  and  submitted  its  report 
to  the  General  Conference  of  1912. 

This  report,  which  was  printed  in  the  Handbook  and  so 
seen  by  every  delegate,  was  carefully  considered  by  the 
Committee  on  the  State  of  the  Church,  and  then  submitted 
to  the  General  Conference  with  the  recommendation  that  it 
be  adopted  as  its  declaration,  which  was  unanimously  done. 

This  statement  pledges  the  Church  to  co-operate  in  the 
general  campaigns  for  Child  Welfare,  Public  Health,  Social 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       '45; 

i 

Purity,  Organized  Recreation,  Industrial  Safety,  a  Living 
Wage  and  International  Peace;  also  in  the  movements 
against  Poverty,  Overwork  and  Crime,  and  to  Civic 
Action  to  effect  all  these  purposes.  It  also  binds  the 
church  unceasingly  to  labor  for  the  realization  of  Social 
Justice,  the  democratic  control  of  industry  and  the  con- 
scious control  of  social  progress.  It  becomes  the  official 
platform  and  program  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
in  the  field  of  social  action,  and  the  Methodist  Federation 
for  Social  Service  is  declared  to  be  the  executive  agency 
to  rally  the  forces  of  the  church  in  support  of  the  measures 
thus  approved. 

In  acceptance  of  this  commission  the  Federation  enlarged 
its  work  and  put  into  the  field  as  secretary,  Rev.  Harry  F. 
Ward,  part  of  whose  time  it  had  previously  engaged. 

The  development  of  the  work  has  been  in  educational 
and  inspirational  activities.  With  the  slogan,  ''A  com- 
munity ministry  for  every  church,"  the  churches  have  been 
called  upon  to  develop  an  immediate  program  in  relation 
to  the  needs  of  childhood,  to  the  care  of  the  poor,  the  sick, 
the  prisoner,  and  the  prevention  of  poverty,  disease,  and  vice, 
and  for  the  improvement  of  industrial  conditions.  Several 
books  and  a  large  number  of  pamphlets  have  been  issued 
and  as  much  as  50,000  pieces  of  printed  matter  effectively 
distributed  in  one  year.  A  Social  Service  Bulletin  is  issued 
bi-monthly,  reaching  regularly  3,000  individuals.  An  in- 
formation bureau  places  at  the  service  of  the  churches  in- 
formation concerning  principles  and  methods  gathered  from 
every  possible  source.  Social  Service  programs  have  been 
developed  for  the  Brotherhood,  the  Epworth  League,  the 
Sunday-school,  women's  societies  and  Adult  Bible  Classes. 
Attention  has  been  given  to  the  development  of  social 
service  interest  in  colleges  and  theological  schools.  A 
press  service  for  the  denominational  papers  has  been 
carried  on. 

Special  emphasis  has  been  given  to  campaigns  of  social 
evangelism  in  order  to :  Expound  the  principles  of  Social 
Christianity;  arouse  the  spirit  of  Social  Service;  suggest 
church    activities    for   community    welfare;     interpret    the 


46     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Gospel  to  industrial  workers.  The  Secretary  has  addressed 
in  the  past  year  347  meetings  and  conducted  36  group  con- 
ferences in  17  states.  All  types  of  communities,  from  500 
to  500,000  in  population,  have  been  reached.  Besides  reach- 
ing the  church  group,  these  meetings  have  reached  the 
labor  group,  in  churches,  in  their  own  halls  and  on  the 
streets.  The  conferences  have  reached  other  civic  and 
social  welfare  groups.  The  large  amount  of  publicity 
secured  in  the  daily  press  and  in  the  labor  papers  has 
carried  the  social  principles  and  standards  of  the  church 
to  thousands  of  people.  Students  of  tv/elve  colleges,  three 
theological  schools,  three  normal  schools  and  a  large  number 
of  high  schools  have  been  addressed.  In  every  community 
visited,  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  leave  behind  some 
practical  result,  to  focus  the  attention  and  action  of  the 
church  group,  and  wherever  possible  of  a  group  represent- 
ing different  organizations,  upon  some  one  social  need. 
Some  definite  piece  of  community  service  has  resulted. 
This  work  is  being  multiplied  through  the  building  up  of  a 
strong  list  of  speakers  available  in  various  states,  to  present 
various  aspects  of  Social  Service. 

Social  Service  Commissions  are  being  organized  in  the 
various  Annual  Conferences,  over  forty  now  being  in 
existence.  These  will  develop  teams  who  can  conduct 
Social  Service  Institutes  and  Social  Service  campaigns  at 
selected  points  in  the  Conference  territory.  Some  of  them 
will  also  put  into  the  field  Industrial  Evangelists  to  present 
to  both  the  labor  group  and  the  church  the  Gospel  in  its 
application  to  the  industrial  question:  to  speak  in  labor 
halls,  on  the  streets  and  in  the  churches,  to  hold  series  of 
meetings  in  industrial  communities,  to  visit  the  scene  of 
industrial  disturbance,  and  where  there  is  need  for  the 
utterance  or  the  action  of  the  church,  to  call  upon  the  Com- 
mission to  investigate  and  get  the  church  machinery  into 
action;  and  to  be  supported  on  a  given  salary  by  plans 
carried  through  by  the   Social   Service  Commission. 

These  Conference  Commissions  will  also  promote  the 
socializing  of  local  churches  by  presenting  to  the  Annual 
Conference  reports  and  exhibits  of  the  work  of  churches 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       47 

with  a  successful  community  ministry.  The  Commissions 
are  also  presenting  the  need  for  one  day's  rest  in  seven 
and  for  developing  village  and  rural  churches  as  social 
centers  by  presenting  some  reports  of  the  extent  of  seven- 
day  work  and  the  social  and  recreational  deficit  in  certain 
typical  communities. 

The  recent  national  gathering  of  Methodist  men  embraced 
social  service  as  one  of  the  great  activities  of  the  church 
and  announced  the  redemption  of  society  as  a  part  of  its 
objective.  The  present  forward  movement  in  Methodism 
is  rallying  behind  a  new  program  in  which  the  individual 
and  social  aspects  of  Christianity  are  inseparably  blended. 

The  Federation  has  also  contributed,  with  others,  to  the 
common  social  movement,  by  participating  in  interdenomina- 
tional plans  and  campaigns,  mainly  through  its  connection 
with  the  Federal  Council  Commission. 


The  Bureau  of  Social  Service  of  the  Presbyterian  Board 
OF  Home  Missions. 

(Known  originally  as  the  Department  of  Church  and  Labor.) 

On  April  i,  1903,  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the 
Presbyterian  General  Assembly  established  a  ''working- 
men's  department"  which  later  became  known  as  "The  De- 
partment of  Church  and  Labor."  The  General  Assembly 
of  191 1  instructed  the  Board  to  establish  a  "Bureau  of 
Social  Service/'  into  which  the  Department  of  Church  and 
Labor  was  merged.  The  General  Assembly  had  previously 
appointed  a  committee  of  five  ministers  and  five  elders 
to  give  an  expression  "of  the  thought  and  purpose  of  our 
church  regarding  the  great  moral  questions  arising  out  of 
the  industrial  and  commercial  life  of  the  people,"  and  in- 
structed it  to  consider  "besides  other  things,  the  application 
of  the  Gospel  to  the  acquisition  and  use  of  wealth,  to  the 
relation  between  the  employers  and  the  employed,  and  be- 
tween capital  and  labor,  and  to  the  existence  of  unneces- 
sary poverty  in  a  land  where  there  is  more  than  enough 
for  all." 


48     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

The  report  of  this  committee,  submitted  to  the  General 
Assembly  of  191 1,  was  unanimously  adopted,  and  may  be 
found  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "What  the  Presbyterian 
Church  Believes  about  Social  Problems,"  published  by  the 
Board  of  Publication  and  Sabbath-School  Work.  This 
document  is  the  basis  of  much  of  the  work  conducted  by 
the  Bureau  of  Social  Service. 

Its  recommendations  are  as  follows: 

I.  That  the  General  Assembly  hereby  urge  the  ministers 
of  the  Church  to  recognize  and  fulfill  the  obligations  resting 
upon  them  as  ministers  of  Jesus  Christ,  with  respect  to  the 
social  application  of  his  Gospel;  and  to  this  end  it  urges 
them — 

(a)  To  inform  themsevles  carefully  regarding  the  condi- 
tions of  human  life  in  their  own  neighborhoods,  particularly 
as  these  are  affected  by  the  conditions  of  industry. 

(b)  To  acquaint  their  congregations  with  these  facts. 

(c)  To  instruct  their  congregations  in  the  teachings  of 
the  Gospel  regarding  social  service. 

(d)  To  co-operate  in  every  effort  for  the  attainment  of 
the  ends  for  which  our  Church  has  declared  itself. 

2.  That  the  General  Assembly  hereby  request  all  who 
have  charge  of  schools  and  colleges  to  make  ample  provi- 
sion for  instruction  regarding  the  Christian  ideal  of  society; 
and,  further,  that  it  request  the  governing  bodies  and 
faculties  of  theological  seminaries  to  provide  that  the 
students  in  their  care  be  taught  the  social  principles  of  the 
Gospel,  and  trained  in  methods  of  applying  these  principles 
to  the  needs  of  the  localities  in  which  they  shall  be  called 
to  minister. 

3.  That  the  General  Assembly  hereby  urge  all  the  mem- 
bers of  our  churches  to  give  serious  study  to  social  prob- 
lems, and  to  avail  themselves  of  their  opportunities  for 
social  service;  to  bring  the  sense  of  justice  and  righteous- 
ness which  is  fundamental  in  Christianity  to  bear  upon 
matters  of  every-day  life,  in  business,  in  society,  or  where- 
ever  their  influence  may  extend,  and  to  create  a  Christian 
public  sentiment  demanding  the  removal  of  wrong  where- 
ever  found. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       49 

4.  That  the  General  Assembly  appoint  a  Bureau  of  Social 
Service,  composed  of  ministers  and  elders,  to  serve  without 
salary,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  co-operate  with  similar 
organizations  of  other  Churches,  to  study  social  conditions 
as  they  are  related  to  the  progress  of  the  kingdom  of  God,  to 
suggest  to  the  Church  practical  ways  of  realizing  the  social 
ideals  of  the  Gospel,  and  to  report  annually  to  the  General 
Assembly  regarding  its  work;  that  to  this  committee  there 
be  given  also  the  duties  now  performed  by  other  agencies 
of  the  Church  which  deal  with  social  and  moral  questions, 
such  as  the  Permanent  Committees  on  Temperance  and  on 
Sabbath  Observance,  and  the  Department  of  Church  and 
Labor  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions,  so  that  the  whole 
matter  of  social  righteousness  may  be  treated  in  its  entirety 
by  an  agency  of  the  Church. 

In  the  field  of  labor,  the  Bureau  has  estabished  "Labor 
Sunday,"  which  is  now  observed  by  practically  every  Prot- 
estant denomination  throughout  the  United  States,  and 
which  has  since  received  the  unanimous  endorsement  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor.  It  inaugurated  the  plan  of 
the  exchange  of  fraternal  delegates  between  ministers'  as- 
sociations and  central  labor  unions,  which  is  now  in  opera- 
tion in  over  one  hundred  cities.  In  many  cases  these 
ministers  are  serving  as  chaplains  to  organized  labor,  reg- 
ularly opening  and  closing  the  meetings  of  the  central 
labor  unions  with  prayer. 

The  Bureau  originated  the  plan  of  sending  ministerial 
delegates  to  the  annual  conventions  of  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor,  which  has  been  an  accepted  plan  for 
seven  years. 

During  the  past  eight  years  the  Bureau  has  furnished  every 
week  an  article  for  the  labor  press  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  syndicating  it  to  250  weekly  papers  and  100  month- 
lies. In  this  manner  the  Bureau  distributes  more  literature 
for  workingmen  than  is  printed  by  all  the  tract  societies 
in  the  United  States  combined,  of  which  there  are  some- 
thing like  sixty.  The  result  of  this  wide  and  effective  prop- 
aganda has  been  a  complete  change  in  the  attitude  of  the 
labor  press,  the  labor  leaders,  and  workingmen  in  general 


50     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

toward  the  church.  The  radical  articles  against  the  church 
which  formerly  appeared  in  the  labor  papers  are  now  very 
rarely  printed. 

Great  workingmen's  mass  meetings  have  been  conducted 
by  the  Bureau  on  almost  every  Sunday  afternoon  during  the 
winter  seasons.  The  express  purpose  of  these  meetings  is 
to  pre^nt  to  workingmen  the  claims  of  Jesus  and  of  His 
church  upon  the  toilers.  It  would  be  safe  to  say  that 
500,000  workingmen  have  attended  the  popular  meetings 
during  the  ten  years  that  this  work  has  been  carried  on. 
Important  shop-meeting  campaigns  have  been  conducted. 
One  year,  during  a  period  of  sixty  days,  in  six  cities,  500 
ministers  were  enlisted  in  these  campaigns,  400  shops  were 
entered  at  the  noon-hour,  1,000  different  meetings  were  held 
and  250,000  working  people  were  addressed.  During  the 
same  year  a  simultaneous  shop  campaign  was  conducted 
throughout  the  entire  country,  the  Bureau  furnishing  the 
plans  and  literature  and  giving  general  direction  from  the 
office  to  the  ministers  and  laymen  who  managed  these 
campaigns  in  their  own  towns  and  cities.  The  Bureau  has 
been  developing  for  the  churches  in  industrial  centers 
"industrial  parishes,"  each  church  becoming  responsible  for 
a  particular  shop,  just  as  a  church  would  become  responsible 
for  a  certain  mission  field,  with  the  difference,  however, 
that  the  church  not  only  supports  the  work  in  the  "indus- 
trial parish"  financially,  but  actually  does  the  work  through 
its  minister  and  those  who  assist  him. 

In  Massey  Hall,  Toronto,  during  a  national  convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  the  Bureau  conducted 
a  temperance  meeting  which  was  attended  by  4,000  working 
people.  Conferences  at  which  capital  and  labor  were  rep- 
resented and  the  labor  question  frankly  discussed  from 
both  sides,  have  been  conducted  in  various  parts  of  the 
country. 

In  accordance  with  this  definition  of  its  duty  the  Bureau 
seeks  to  place  the  religious  emphasis  upon  social  service, 
and  the  social  emphasis  upon  religious  work;  to  increase 
the  efficiency  of  the  church  through  standardized  programs 
which  may  be  introduced  in  communities  of  a  common  type; 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      51 

to  bring  about  a  more  cordial  relationship  between  church 
and  labor;  to  give  vision  and  program  to  municipal  authori- 
ties so  that  they  may  more  effectively  meet  the  social  and 
moral  needs  of  the  people;  and  to  enlist  the  men  and  v^omen 
of  the  churches  in  definite  social  service  tasks. 

One  of  the  strongest  features  of  the  work  of  the  Bureau 
is  its  survey  department,  which  not  only  investigates  condi- 
tions, but  makes  specific  recommendations  with  regard  to 
methods  needed  to  meet  these  conditions.  It  has  carried  on 
investigations  in  nearly  one  hundred  cities,  and  in  thousands 
of  churches,  with  a  view  to  studying  methods  of  church 
efficiency.  It  has  made  surveys  of  some  of  the  largest 
cities  of  the  country  and  of  entire  states.  It  has  studied  spe- 
cial problems,  such  as  the  attitude  of  organized  labor  toward 
the  church ;  the  economic  aspects  of  the  liquor  problem,  and, 
coincident  with  this  subject,  the  question  of  workingmen's 
leisure;  and  the  labor  press  of  this  and  other  countries. 

The  Bureau  has  sought  to  interpret  the  movements  of 
populations,  especially  in  cities,  anticipating  the  character 
of  the  church  enterprise  required  to  meet  the  future  as  well 
as  the  present  situation.  The  city  has  been  the  special 
subject  of  study  with  the  Bureau  since  its  organization. 
Probably  the  most  notable  achievement  in  demonstrating  the 
methods  required  to  meet  the  needs  in  one  of  the  most 
difficult  city  fields  in  America  is  the  Labor  Temple  in  lower 
New  York,  proving  that  the  church  may  master  the  modern 
downtown  situation  if  it  will  adapt  its  methods  to  the 
changing  conditions.  It  is  a  question,  clearly  of  studying 
the  needs.  The  Bureau  has  sought  to  aid  ministers  in  just 
this  particular  by  preparing  survey  blanks  whereby  local 
fields  may  be  studied  by  those  who  must  finally  do  the 
work,  the  object  being  to  train  the  men  in  their  own  fields 
to  face  their  own  problems.  It  also  does  this  through  its 
Correspondence  Course  in  Applied  Christianity,  only  in  a 
more  comprehensive  way. 

The  question  of  church  publicity  has  received  a  great 
deal  of  attention  in  the  work  of  the  Bureau.  Advertising 
principles  and  methods  have  been  worked  out  for  down- 
town enterprises,  through  systematic  study  and  experiment, 


i52     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

and  publicity  plans  of  a  general  character  outlined  and 
suggested  to  individual  churches  and  workers. 

Social  Service  Campaigns  are  held  in  colleges  and  univer- 
sities, in  theological  seminaries,  and  other  educational  insti- 
tutions. City  and  territorial  campaigns  are  conducted. 
Social  Service  Conferences  have  also  been  held  at  summer 
assemblies  and  Chautauquas.  One-day  Social  Service 
Campaigns  are  frequently  carried  on  in  cities. 

The  Bureau  has  not  limited  its  v^ork  to  its  own  denomina- 
tion, but  has  rendered  staff  service  to  various  interdenomina- 
tional movements.  It  prepared  the  survey  blanks,  designed 
and  finished  the  charts,  and  systematized  the  statistical 
material  for  the  Men  and  Religion  Forward  Movement  in 
seventy  cities,  besides  preparing  and  setting  up  the  exhibits 
in  connection  with  the  Christian  Conservation  Congress  of 
the  Movement,  held  in  New  York  City  in  the  spring  of  1912. 
Publicity  campaigns  have  been  conducted  by  representatives 
of  the  Bureau  for  the  Home  Missions  Council  and  the 
Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions  (representing  prac- 
tically all  the  home  missionary  agencies  in  the  United 
States).  It  has  also  rendered  service  to  McCormick  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  the  Bible  Teachers'  Training  School,  the 
Federation  of  Churches  in  New  York  City,  the  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  of  the  Federal  Council 
(of  which  Mr.  Stelzle  served  as  voluntary  Secretary), 
and  the  Commission  on  Industrial  Education  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor. 

The  Bureau  has  a  valuable  sociological  library,  and  is 
in  close  touch  with  the  various  organizations  engaged  in 
original  research  work,  its  own  studies  dealing  with  those 
social  problems  with  which  the  church  is  more  directly 
concerned.  It  furnishes  bibliographies  and  gives  other  in- 
formation on  special  sociological  subjects.  About  sixty 
different  leaflets  and  pamphlets  for  both  the  church  and  the 
workingman  have  been  issued.  These  have  been  furnished 
the  ministers  gratuitously.  Many  of  these  leaflets  have 
had  a  wide  circulation,  one  of  them — "Is  the  Church  Op- 
posed to  Workingmen" — having  had  a  circulation  of  a 
quarter  of  a  million  copies. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       53 

Rev.  Charles  Stelzle  was  the  Superintendent  for  ten 
years,  and  the  work  of  the  Bureau  is  now  under  the  secre- 
tarial supervision  of  Secretary  J.  E.  McAfee,  of  the  Board 
of  Home  Missions. 

Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church. 

The  first  organized  effort  at  social  service  in  the  Epis- 
copal Chwrch  was  the  formation  in  1887  of  the  Church 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  the  Interests  of  Labor, 
commonly  known  as  "C.  A.  I.  L."  This  organization  was 
due  to  the  efforts  of  nine  clergymen  of  New  York  City 
aided  by  the  influence  of  Bishops  Potter  and  Huntington. 
It  was  quite  fitting  that  the  organization  should  devote  itself 
to  what  was  at  that  time  the  most  insistent  phase  of  the  social 
problem — the  relations  between  capital  and  labor.  The 
organization  was  designed  to  work  on  a  na::ional  scale  and 
numbers  among  its  vice-presidents  the  bishops  of  many 
dioceses.  Being  an  unofficial  body  it  was  able  to  do  pioneer 
work  at  a  time  when  the  Church  as  a  whole  was  not  ready 
to  take  official  action  with  relation  to  the  social  problem. 
Its  efforts  have  resulted  in  various  measures  looking  to  the 
improvement  of  conditions  for  working  people.  The  story 
of  the  agitation  which  led  to  the  organization  of  "C.  A.  I. 
L,"  and  of  its  achievement  is  told  in  Miss  Keyser's  interest- 
ing little  book,  "Bishop  Potter,  the  People's  Friend"  (Whit- 
taker,  1910),  which  contains  a  statement  of  the  principles 
formulated  as  a  basis  of  work  for  the  Association. 

The  present  efforts  of  the  organization  are  confined 
largely  to  the  local  field  of  the  City  and  Diocese  of  New 
York. 

The  next  effort  on  the  part  of  members  of  the  Church 
in  the  field  of  social  service  was  the  organization  in  1891 
of  the  Christian  Social  Union — an  American  counterpart  of 
the  original  English  body.  This  was  designed  primarily  for 
propagandist  purposes  on  a  national  scale.  It  deserves 
credit  for  having  been  perhaps  the  earliest  organization  of 
any  Christian  body  in  this  country  to  give  definite  and  con- 


54     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

secutlve  attention  to  the  social  problem  in  its  various  phases. 
It  developed  a  considerable  literature,  comprising  some 
sixty-odd  pamphlets  which  have  been  most  useful  in  dis- 
seminating among  the  clergy  and  laity  of  the  Church  ideas 
of  social  reform.  For  a  few  years,  ending  in  1907,  the 
Union  was  affiliated  with  the  Church  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  the  Interests  of  Labor.  Latterly  it  has  been 
largely  instrumental  in  promoting  the  organization  of  the 
diocesan  social  service  commissions  discussed  below.  In 
fact,  these  commissions  may  perhaps  with  justice  be  said 
to  owe  their  origin  to  the  Union's  activity.  To  the  agitation 
begun  by  the  Christian  Social  Union  and  the  Church  Associ- 
ation for  the  Advancement  of  the  Interests  of  Labor  was  also 
largely  due  the  creation  in  1901  of  the  Joint  Commission 
on  the  Relations  of  Capital  and  Labor,  and  in  1910  of  the 
Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service.  Though  the  Union 
was  never  able,  from  lack  of  adequate  resources,  to  carry 
on  any  organized  social  work,  or  to  formulate  any  elaborate 
social  program,  it  prepared  the  way  for  such  organization 
and  pronouncement  by  inspiring  members  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  with  a  definite  interest  in  social  effort.  Having 
served  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  organized,  the  Union 
decided,  by  referendum  vote  of  its  members  in  December, 
191 1,  to  disband  and  hand  over  its  work  to  the  official 
agency  of  the  Church — the  present  Commission. 

Meantime  the  movement  was  under  way  in  various 
dioceses  to  relate  themselves  to  the  social  problem  as 
presented  in  their  respective  fields.  Beginning  in  1903  with 
the  appointment  of  the  Social  Service  Commission  of  the 
Diocese  of  Long  Island,  the  list  of  such  commissions  has 
steadily  increased  until  there  are  now  sixty  recognized 
diocesan  social  service  commissions,  appointed  either  under 
diocesan  canon  or  under  resolution  by  the  bishop,  and 
charged  with  the  functions  of  investigating  social  condi- 
tions in  their  respective  territories  and  of  taking  measures 
for  the  promotion  of  social  reform  in  co-operation  with  other 
social  agencies  throughout  the  diocese.  The  achievement 
of  these  various  diocesan  commissions  has  been  considerable. 
An  examination  of  a  special  table  printed  in  one  of  the 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       55 

Joint  Commission's  pamphlets,  "Social  Service  for  Diocesan 
Commissions,"  shows  that  these  commissions  have  been 
active  in  agitation  not  only  for  state  legislation  but  for 
local  and  state-wide  voluntary  effort  in  the  field  of  social 
service.  Various  municipal  and  state  institutions  have  found 
support  from  these  commissions.  In  short,  the  diocesan  com- 
missions in  general  have  stood,  so  far  as  possible,  for 
rational  movements  directed  toward  social  reform.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  by  the  expiration  of  another  year  every 
diocese  in  the  Church's  national  territory  will  have  in  the 
field  a  social  service  commission  empowered  to  speak  and 
act  in  the  name  of  the  diocese. 

All  these  movements  represent  steps  leading  toward  the 
creation  of  the  present  Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service. 
The  title  "Joint  Commission"  is  intended  to  indicate  that 
the  membership  of  such  a  commission  is  drawn  from  the 
two  houses  which  constitute  the  General  Convention — the 
House  of  Bishops  and  the  House  of  Deputies  (including 
clerical  and  lay  delegates).  That  Commission,  however, 
was  preceded  by  the  former  Joint  Commission  on  the  Rela- 
tions between  Capital  and  Labor,  originally  appointed  by 
General  Convention  in  1901,  and  reappointed  in  1904  and 
1907.  This  Commission  made  no  attempt  to  organize  the 
Church  for  social  service;  it  contented  itself  with  reports 
to  General  Convention,  which  contain  some  specific  recom- 
mendations for  organized  action,  but  which  are  interesting 
chiefly  as  milestones  in  the  Church's  progress  in  this  field 
of  effort.  It  was  in  accordance  with  a  resolution  appended 
to  the  triennial  report  of  this  Commission  at  Cincinnati  in 
1910  that  the  Commission  was  discharged  to  give  place  to 
another  Joint  Commission  whose  scope  should  include  the 
entire  field  of  the  social  problem — not  merely  one  phase  of 
it — and  whose  activity  should  not  be  limited  to  the  writing 
of  recommendations.  The  work  of  this  Commission  was 
outlined  by  the   resolution   in  the   following  terms: 

"It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  Commission  to  study  and  report 
upon  social  and  industrial  conditions;  to  co-ordinate  the  activi- 
ties of  the  various  organizations  existing  in  the  Church  in  the 
interests  of  social  service;  to  co-operate  with  similar  bodies  in 


56     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

other  communions;  to  encourage  sympathetic  relations  between 
capital  and  labor ;  and  to  deal  according  to  their  discretion  with 
these  kindred  matters." — Resolution  of  General  Convention, 
1913- 

During  its  first  year  the  Commission  was  dependent  on 
volunteer  effort.  The  necessity  was  seen  of  securing  the 
services  of  a  secretary  who  could  give  his  direct  attention 
to  the  task.  An  arrangement  was  accordingly  made  where- 
by from  October  first,  191 1,  to  October  first,  1912,  the 
Reverend  Frank  Monroe  Crouch  as  field  secretary  gave  half 
of  his  time,  and  since  the  latter  date  has  given  his  whole 
effort,  to  the  Commission's  work.  An  office  was  opened  on 
October  first,  1912,  in  the  Church  Missions  House  in  New 
York,  the  organization  of  which  is  now  well  under  way 
with  the  aid  of  two  assistants.  During  the  past  few  months 
a  considerable  correspondence  has  been  developed :  the  Com- 
mission is  already  in  communication  with  several  hundred 
ministers  and  lay  workers  of  the  Episcopal  Church  and  a 
growing  number  of  workers  of  other  communions  and  of 
secular  social  and  educational  agencies  in  addition. 

The  Commission's  work,  however,  has  not  been  limited 
to  the  organization  of  an  office:  during  the  past  twenty 
months  the  field  secretary  has  traveled  a  total  of  some 
30,000  miles  on  the  Commission's  business.  He  has  met 
in  conference  representatives  of  some  thirty-odd  diocesan 
social  service  commissions,  and  has  made  numerous  ad- 
dresses at  theological  schools,  departmental  missionary 
councils,  and  parish  meetings.  He  has  also  been  in  fre- 
quent conference  with  the  secretaries  of  the  Federal  Council 
Commission  on  Social  Service  and  the  various  social 
agencies  of  other  communions  throughout  the  country. 

The  Commission  has  felt  that  it  could  make  its  most 
valuable  contribution  to  its  own  constituency  and  to  the 
work  in  general  by  adopting  a  procedure  which  was,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  practically  forced  upon  it  by  the  charac- 
teristic polity  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  Parishes,  dioceses, 
departments — this  threefold  ecclesiastical  division  pointed 
the  way  for  the  Commission. 

Thus    far    the    Commission    has    refrained    from    dealing 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       57 

directly  with  local  parishes  or  their  ministers,  except  in 
response  to  special  inquiry.  It  has,  however,  not  ceased  to 
press  upon  the  diocesan  commissions  the  necessity  of  carry- 
ing social  service  organization  home  to  the  individual  parish, 
and  through  the  parish  to  the  individual  member  of  every 
local  congregation. 

The  Joint  Commission  hopes  during  the  coming  year  to 
lay  increased  emphasis  upon  the  necessity  for  standardizing 
the  work  of  all  the  Diocesan  Commissions,  more  than  two 
thirds  of  which  have  been  appointed  during  the  coming 
year.  The  Diocesan  Commissions  need  working  plans  which 
can  be  formulated  only  on  the  basis  of  a  careful  study  of 
local  conditions.  Such  definite  programs  are  already  being 
developed  by  many  of  the  Commissions. 

It  is  desirable  to  have  all  the  commissions  authorized 
under  diocesan  canon.  To  this  end  the  Joint  Commission 
has  issued,  by  way  of  suggestion,  a  model  canon,  which 
shall  at  the  same  time  indicate  broad  lines  of  effort.  It  is 
the  aim  of  this  canon  not  to  put  restrictions  on  the  com- 
missions, but  to  set  before  them  and  their  dioceses  a 
standard  of  activity. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  has  eight  Judicial  and 
Missionary  Departments,  which  the  joint  Commission  rec- 
ognizes as  working  units  in  Social  Service.  This  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  departmental  divisions  follow,  in  part  at 
least,  the  natural  lines  of  industrial  and  economic  differentia- 
tion. Thus  the  problem  of  the  cotton  mills  is  on  the  whole 
a  problem  for  the  Fourth  Department,  comprising  the 
Southern  States.  Again  the  problems  of  the  Sixth,  Seventh 
and  Eighth  Departments,  comprising  roughly  the  dioceses 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  are  the  problems  in  great  measure 
of  a  pioneer  or,  at  least,  an  immature  civilization,  each 
field,  however,  presenting  its  peculiar  conditions.  The  re- 
maining departments,  on  the  other  hand,  face  the  problems 
of  an  older  stage  of  civilization,  resultant  from  greater 
density  of  population  and  corresponding  economic  pressure. 

During  the  past  few  months  divers  measures  have  been 
taken  at  departmental  missionary  councils  looking  to  the 
organization  of  the  various  social  service  agencies  in  the  re- 


58    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

spective  departments  for  effective  work.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  ultimately  every  department  may  have  a  duly  authorized 
social  service  commission  with  a  paid  secretary. 

The  Joint  Commission  is  laying  much  emphasis  upon  the 
necessity  for  education  for  social  service  in  the  Sunday- 
schools,  in  the  Theological  Schools,  in  the  colleges  and  the 
universities.  It  proposes  also  a  series  of  educational  Social 
Service  Conferences,  a  correspondence  course  in  Social 
Service  and  is  developing  a  Social  Service  reference  file. 
At  the  recent  general  convention  it  provided  a  unique 
program  of  meetings,  conferences,  exhibit  and  visits  to 
social  service  agencies  and  institutions. 

By  vote  of  the  General  Convention  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church,  this  Commission,  together  with  that  on 
Christian  Unity,  co-operates  in  the  work  of  the  Federal 
Council,  and  elects  delegates  to  that  body. 

ORGANIZED     AGENCIES     WITHOUT     FIELD 
SECRETARIES. 

The  Christian  Church. 

A  Commission  on  Social  Service  of  the  American  Chris- 
tian Convention  works  in  co-operation  with  the  Home 
Mission  Department  of  the  denomination.  Rev.  O.  W. 
Powers,  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  combining  the  work  of  Home 
Mission  Secretary  and  Secretary  of  the  Commission  on 
Social  Service. 

This  Commission  has  circulated  through  the  denomina- 
tion the  interdenominational  literature  issued  by  the  Federal 
Council  Commission,  has  secured  a  hearing  on  the  subject 
of  Social  Service  at  the  denominational  meetings,  has  co- 
operated in  constituting  the  Federal  Council  Committee  in 
several  states  for  the  campaign  in  the  interest  of  one-day- 
in-seven  for  industrial  workers,  and  also  in  the  observance 
of  Labor  Sunday.  The  Commission  has  also  inserted  occa- 
sional articles  in  the  denominational  papers,  and  has  pub- 
lished one  tract, 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      59 


Disciples  of  Christ. 

The  Disciples  of  Christ  have  an  organization  known  as  the 
Commission  on  Social  Service  and  the  Country  Church.  It 
is  composed  of  five  men.  The  Secretary  is  Prof.  Alva  W. 
Taylor,  of  the  Bible  College  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo., 
the  author  of  *The  Social  Work  of  Christian  Missions." 
This  Commission  was  created  at  the  International  Conven- 
tion of  the  Disciples  of  Christ  at  Toronto  in  October,  1913, 
and  is  an  expansion  of  a  Committee  on  Social  Service 
which  was  appointed  at  the  General  Convention  at  Port- 
land, Oregon,  in  191 1,  by  a  Committee  of  the  American 
Christian  Missionary  Society. 

The  Toronto  Convention  also  adopted  resolutions  calling 
for  the  creation  of  a  special  department  of  Social  Service 
and  the  Country  Church  with  a  special  secretary  in  charge 
by  the  American  Christian  Missionary  Society;  also  urging 
the  colleges  of  the  denomination  to  estabish  chairs  and 
lectureships  dealing  with  Social  Ethics,  Practical  Church  Ad- 
ministration and  the  Social  Function  of  Religious  Institu- 
tions. 

During  the  last  two  years  the  Committee  has  carried  on 
a  work  of  agitation  and  education.  It  has  secured  addresses 
in  many  state  and  district  conventions  and  the  appointment 
of  committees  in  many  of  them,  these  committees  to  formu- 
late reports  after  thorough  study  on  three  points:  (i)  So- 
cial legislation  in  the  state;  (2)  Social  service  activities  in 
the  local  church;  (3)  The  general  state  of  the  rural 
churches.  These  state  committees  form  a  sort  of  Advisory 
Council  to  the  Commission.  The  Committee  has  secured 
the  publication  of  many  articles  in  the  denominational 
journals  and  has  conducted  a  Social  Service  Department  in 
the  American  Home  Missionary.  The  Commission  has  co- 
operated with  the  interdenominational  movement  by  securing 
the  appointment  of  one  representative  Disciple  on  each  of 
the  state  committees  organized  to  secure  a  law  providing 
one  day's  rest  in  seven.  The  Commission  proposes  to  study 
and  proisote  interest  in  the   rural  church,  because   about 


60     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

three-fourths  of  the  churches  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ  are 
in  country  and  village  communities.  In  this  connection  it  will 
take  up  the  question  of  duplication  and  waste  through  over- 
churching.  It  also  proposes  a  study  of  the  Slavic  popula- 
tions of  the  country  and  of  the  types  of  religious  effort 
most  needed  and  most  effective  among  them.  This  is  done 
on  account  of  the  peculiar  interest  of  the  Disciples  in  the 
Slavic  religious  problem,  there  being  in  Russia  a  body  known 
as  "Evangelical  Christians,"  who  are  of  practically  the  same 
creed  as  the  Disciples  of  Christ  in  this  country. 

Friends. 

This  body  has  always  laid  great  emphasis  on  Social  Service 
as  an  inherent  part  of   Christianity. 

With  the  birth  of  Quakerism  in  the  mid-seventeenth 
century,  there  came  into  the  world  a  powerful  return  of 
this  social  aspect  of  Christianity.  George  Fox,  even  in 
his  period  of  agony  and  spiritual  travail,  was  far  more  con- 
cerned over  the  condition  of  society  about  him  than  he  was 
over  the  state  of  his  own  soul.  "1  was  sorely  exercised," 
he  says,  ''to  go  to  the  courts  and  cry  for  justice,  to  speak 
and  write  to  judges  and  justices  to  do  justly,  and  to  warn 
people  who  kept  public  houses  for  entertainment  that  they 
should  not  let  people  have  more  drink  than  was  good  for 
them.'*  He  attacked  every  social  custom  which  in  his 
own  words,  "trained  up  people  to  vanity  and  looseness." 
"I  was  also  made,"  he  adds,  "to  declare  against  deceitful 
merchandise  and  cheating  and  cozening,  warning  all  to 
deal  justly,  to  speak  the  truth,  to  let  their  yea  be  yea,  and 
their  nay  be  nay,  and  to  do  unto  others  as  they  would  have 
others  do  unto  them." 

At  another  time  we  find  him  taking  his  stand  before  the 
justices  of  the  peace  against  the  oppression  caused  by  fixing 
a  legal  wage  for  farm  laborers  below  what  was  just,  i.e., 
below  a  living  wage.  There  still  exists  in  the  archives  of 
Providence,  Rhode  Island,  a  letter  written  by  George  Fox 
to  the  Magistrates  and  other  officials  of  Rhode  Island,  in 
which  he  touched  with  power  and  insight  almost  every  social 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       61 

problem  of  the  day,  and  suggested  new  laws  for  securing 
a  wider  freedom  and  a  fuller  justice  for  the  citizens  of  that 
colony. 

This  social  spirit  which  was  one  of  the  great  driving 
forces  in  the  life  of  the  founder  of  our  Society  and  which 
comes  to  light  in  all  his  manifold  activities,  has  in  like 
manner  been  a  luminous  feature  of  Quakerism  in  all  its 
periods.  The  early  Friends  played  a  great  part  in  establish- 
ing a  fixed  price  for  goods  and  merchandise.  They  helped 
greatly  to  abolish  the  barbaric  laws  that  in  the  seventeenth 
century  imposed  capital  punishment  for  more  than  two 
hundred  different  offences.  They  led  the  way  in  the  slow 
but  steady  reform  of  prison  and  jails.  They  pled  and 
wrought  for  freedom  for  oppressed  races  and  for  larger 
chances  of  development  for  these  races  after  they  had  won 
their  freedom. 

To  develop  this  social  heritage  from  the  past,  the  Social 
Service  Commission,  Prof.  Rufus  M.  Jones  of  Haverford 
College,  being  chairman,  recommended  to  the  Five  years 
Meeting  of  the  Friends,  the  appointment  of  a  Social  Service 
Board,  consisting  of  one  member  from  each  Yearly  Meet- 
ing, to  prepare  or  suggest  Social  Service  Literature  and  to 
assist  in  every  way  possible  the  organization  of  Social 
Service  Committees  in  subordinate  Meetings  throughout  the 
country. 

The  Commission  also  urged  all  Superintendents  of  evangel- 
istic and  Church  Extension  work,  and  Pastoral  Committees 
to  make  themselves  familiar  with  the  great  lines  of  Social 
Service  work  which  is  being  carried  on  by  the  leading  de- 
nominations of  the  Christian  Church,  and  that  as  "far  as 
possible  they  prepare  themselves  for  the  practical  extension 
and  promotion  of  this  part  of  our  religious  mission  in  the 
world." 

The  Commission  also  encouraged  the  formation  of  Social 
Service  Study  Groups  and  the  development  of  Community 
Study,  and  recommended  various  forms  of  Social  Service 
to  "Monthly  Meetings,"  which  are  now  being  developed 
under  the  guidance  of  the  Commission. 


62    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


The  United  Presbyterian  Church. 

In  the  spring  of  1910,  Allegheny  Presbytery  petitioned  for 
the  appointment  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church  of  a  committee  which  should  be  known 
as  the  Committee  on  Industrial  Conditions.  Such  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed.  The  General  Assembly  met  in  Wash- 
ington, Pa.,  in  the  month  of  May,  191 1,  at  which  time  the 
committee  presented  its  first  report  and  a  conference  was 
held  at  one  of  the  evening  sessions,  which  was  entirely  de- 
voted to  a  consideration  of  Industrial  and  Social  Conditions. 
Reports  were  made  by  the  same  committee  at  the  meetings 
of  General  Assembly  in  Seattle,  Wash.,  1912,  and  in 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  1913.  The  Minutes  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  for  191 1,  1912,  1913, 
contain  the  reports  of  the  committee.  In  the  meetings  of 
the  General  Assembly  in  1912  and  1913  the  platform  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  North  America 
was  adopted  without  one  dissenting  vote.  In  its  report  at 
Atlanta,  Georgia,  last  spring,  the  Committee  on  Industrial 
Conditions  made  the  following  recommendation:  "We 
recommend  that  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  be  given  super- 
vision of  the  work  relating  to  Social  Service  and  Industrial 
Conditions  and  that  it  be  authorized  to  make  whatever  ar- 
rangements it  may  deem  best  in  carrying  forward  the  work 
already  inaugurated.'"  This  recommendation  was  adopted, 
and  the  Home  Board  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  has 
appointed  a  committee  to  be  known  as  the  Committee  on 
Social   Service   and   Industrial   Conditions. 

This  committee  consists  at  present  of  the  Rev.  J.  K.  Mc- 
Clurkin,  Chairman;  Rev.  H.  H.  Marlin,  Secretary,  the  other 
members  of  the  committee  being  Judge  James  M.  Galbreath, 
Hon.  John  H.  Murdoch,  Richard  Moon,  Sr.  A  brief  outline 
of  its  program  is  as  follows:  To  publish  lists  of  books  and 
seek  to  induce  pastors  to  become  conversant  in  a  thorough 
manner  with  the  great  modern  social  service  movement;  to 
encourage  pastors  to  preach  on  different  phases  of  this  move- 
ment ;  to  form  classes  for  social  service  study ;  to  have  social 
service  committees  appointed  in  all  our  churches;  to  make 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       63 

a  thorough  study  of  community  needs  and  lift  community 
life  to  higher  levels  of  privilege  and  opportunity;  to  secure 
workingmen  and  women  of  Christian  sympathies  to  address 
the  people  of  our  churches;  to  have  fairminded  employers 
present  their  views  that  a  wide  unprejudiced  view  may  be 
obtained  of  the  whole  mighty  field;  when  good  labor  laws 
are  pending  in  state  or  national  legislation  to  agitate  and 
petition  that  such  legislation  may  be  passed  and  enforced; 
to  urge  a  general  observance  of  Labor  Day  by  our  churches; 
to  recommend  that  pastors  preach  sermons  gradually  cover- 
ing the  whole  platform  of  the  Federal  Council;  to  recom- 
mend that  departments  be  maintained  in  our  church  papers 
for  the  dissemination  of  needed  knowledge  as  to  social  and 
industrial  conditions,  and  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  these 
great  issues  prominently  before  our  people;  to  recommend 
that  presbyteries  appoint  social  service  committees;  that 
General  Assemblies  and  Synods  give  an  honored  place  in 
their  programs  for  discussion  and  conference  concerning 
social  service  ideals  and  plans;  to  urge  the  necessity  of 
granting  to  all  people  the  Sabbath  Day  as  a  day  of  rest;  to 
make  the  church  of  Christ  the  mightiest  conciliating  force 
of  the  industrial  world  in  establishing  just  and  friendly  re- 
lations between  employer  and  employed;  to  seek  to  apply 
with  new  vigor  the  principles  of  Christ  to  all  matters  at 
issue  between  men ;  to  seek  to  focus  attention  upon  the  great 
twofold  need  of  a  regenerated  man  and  a  regenerated  so- 
ciety. 

With  such  a  program  the  'T^Tational  Brotherhood  has  ap- 
pointed a  Commission  on  Social  Service,  and  the  Young 
People's  Christian  Union,  a  Committee. 


64    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


NO  ORGANIZED  AGENCIES. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  in  other  denominations  where 
there  is  no  department  of  social  service,  many  social  service 
activities  are  carried  on  by  state  and  district  units  and  by 
local  churches. 

The  Lutheran  Church  has  long  had  w^hat  is  known  as  "The 
Inner  Mission,"  which  has  been  doing  a  widespread  and  ef- 
fective work. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Brooklyn  District  Luth- 
eran Young  People's  Society,  affiliated  with  the  Lutheran 
Synod  of  Missouri,  the  largest  body  among  the  Lutherans, 
recently  appointed  a  commission  to  study  and  report  on  the 
relation  of  the  church  to  the  present  social  interest,  and 
this  Committee  has  been  in  conference  with  the  Federal 
Council  Commission. 

The  Mennonite  Church  has  no  organized  Social  Service 
work.  The  churches  are  for  the  greater  part  rural  or  vil- 
lage churches,  which  have  thus  far  served  the  social  needs 
of  the  community,  and  where  the  Mennonite  people  are  lo- 
cated in  fairly  large  numbers,  the  community  spirit,  which 
is  still  strong,  is  serving  the  church  to  good  purpose. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  although  it  has, 
as  a  denomination,  no  Social  Service  Organization,  yet  good 
work  is  being  accomplished  through  a  committee  of  the 
Woman's  Missionary  Council.  It  maintains  twenty  "Wes- 
ley Houses,"  i.e.,  social  settlements  for  the  whites,  and 
three  "Bethlehem  Houses,"  for  the  negroes.  About  fifty 
deaconesses  are  giving  their  entire  time  to  social  service. 
Attention  is  being  given  the  needs  of  the  negro,  especially 
to  his  home  environment,  his  education,  his  treatment  in  the 
hands  of  the  law,  and  to  the  atmosphere  of  mutual  race 
respect. 

Closely  parallel  with  the  work  of  the  negroes  is  the  prob- 
lem of  the  poor  whites,  and  their  relation  to  society.    The 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       65 

Woman's  Missionary  Council  strongly  urge  the  instruction 
of  sex  hygiene,  both  by  parent  and  teacher. 

As  far  as  local  work  is  concerned,  this  denomination  is 
playing  an  important  part  in  these  great  social  interests,  and 
the  whole  question  of  denominational  development  is  now 
in  the  hands  of  a  national  commission. 

The  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  doing  con- 
siderable local  work;  the  spirit  is  abroad  and  the  idea  of 
social  service  is  getting  hold,  both  of  the  laity  and  the  min- 
istry. The  "African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  Quarterly 
Review"  contains  a  Department  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service,  and  the  leaders  of  the  denomination  are  hoping 
and  expecting  that  the  denomination  as  such  will  before 
long  be  organized  in  these  interests. 

They  are  expounding  the  principles  and  measures  adopted 
by  the  Federal  Council  to  their  people  and  rallying  them 
to  their  support.  They  appeal  to  other  denominations  to 
see  that  these  principles  are  applied  and  these  measures 
worked  out  without  race  discrimination. 

The  Moravian  Church  is  organizing  with  unusual  ef- 
fectiveness in  the  interest  of  country  life  and  the  rural 
church  problem. 

The  United  Brethren  at  their  General  Conference  in  May, 
1913,  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  Home  Missionary  So- 
ciety to  create  a  Bureau  of  Social  Service  and  Moral  Re- 
form. The  Church  stands  for  the  Federal  Council  plat- 
form, but  there  is  as  yet  no  organized  social  service  effort. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  (South) 
has  all  through  the  South  a  large  and  important  missionary 
work,  which  gives  special  consideration  to  social  problems. 

The  Reformed  Church  in  America  has  no  organized  so- 
cial service  work,  nor  anything  which  might  be  termed  a 
"social  movement,"  but  the  work  of  many  of  its  local 
churches,  especially  in  the  cities,  is  of  a  social  nature. 


66     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

The  Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States  proposes  the 
appointment  of  Synodical  Committees  for  carrying  on  the 
work  of  Social  Service.  Three  such  committees  have  been 
appointed.  A  social  service  page  in  the  Reformed  Church 
magazine  is  conducted.  The  denomination  works  largely 
in  co-operation  with  the  Presbyterian  Bureau  of  Social 
Service. 

The  Free  Baptists  as  a  denomination  are  not  now  engaged 
in  any  form  of  social  service,  mainly  because  the  Free  Bap- 
tists and  Baptists  are  uniting,  and  Free  Baptists  look  for  di- 
rection and  inspiration  in  social  service  from  the  Baptist 
Social  Service  Commission.  In  this  transition  period,  how- 
ever, local  activities  are  being  developed.  For  instance,  at 
the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Maine  Free  Baptist  Association, 
there  was  appointed  a  Joint  Committee  on  Social  Service 
to  co-operate  with  a  similar  committee  appointed  by  the 
Maine  Baptists.  The  work  of  the  committee  has  not  yet 
developed  far  enough  to  be  reported,  but  this  initial  year 
will  consist  of  gathering  information  and  arousing  inter- 
est among  the  Free  Baptist  Churches  of  Maine. 

Other  Denominations. — The  Evangelical  Association,  the 
Methodist  Protestant  Church,  the  Reformed  Episcopal,  the 
Reformed  Presbyterian,  the  Seventh-Day  Baptists,  the  United 
Evangelical,  and  other  bodies,  are  engaged,  especially  at 
important  centers,  in  the  work  under  consideration.  The 
only  reason  their  work  is  not  more  fully  reported  in  this 
review  is  that  it  is  difficult  where  there  is  no  denominational 
agency  responsible  for  it. 

It  should  also  be  remembered  that,  in  addition  to  the  work 
comprehended  in  this  review,  all  the  denominations  are 
really  doing  a  large  work  of  social  uplift  through  their 
various  Home  Mission  and  Foreign  Mission  Boards.  The 
attempt  here  has  been  only  to  present  the  work  so  far  as 
it  is  assuming  the  form  of  organization  in  a  specific  and  de- 
fined interest. 

The  Churches  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention  have  a 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      67 

committee  which  co-operates  with  the  Northern  Baptist  De- 
partment of  Social   Service  and  Brotherhood. 

At  Atlanta,  Ga.,  May,  1913,  the  Assemblies  of  the  North- 
ern, Southern  and  United  Presbyterian  Churches  appointed 
a  Joint  Commission  to  report  upon  the  attitude  and  relation 
of  the  Presbyterian  Churches  to  Social  Service, 


SOCIAL   SERVICE   BY   LOCAL   CHURCH   FEDERA- 
TIONS. 

Local  church  federations  have  greatly  promoted  social 
service  activities  on  the  part  of  the  churches.  Nearly  all 
those  on  record  have  social  service  committees,  and  some 
have  found  their  chief  activity  in  this  field.  Detailed  in- 
formation concerning  the  work  of  these  federations  can 
only  be  obtained  by  correspondence,  using  for  this  purpose 
a  directory  of  State  and  Local  Federations  of  Churches  is- 
sued by  the  Commission  on  State  and  Local  Federations  of 
the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

The  Federations  of  Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh  and  Baltimore 
have  paid  Secretaries.  In  its  first  year  the  Commission  on 
Social  Service  of  the  Inter-church  Federation  of  Philadel- 
phia conducted  educational  work  among  600  churches  and 
definitely  interested  over  100  churches  in  some  phase  of 
social  service.  It  planned  and  assisted  in  making  local  sur- 
veys, and  adopted  a  legislative  program  advocating  bills  on 
Child  Labor,  Women  in  Industry,  Housing,  Minimum  Wage, 
Workmen's  Compensation,  and  One  Day's  Rest  in  Seven. 
It  particularly  emphasized  Housing,  and  contributed  not  a 
little  to  the  revision  of  the  Housing  Code.  It  inquired  into 
the  living  conditions  of  homeless  workingwomen  and  girls, 
and  issued  a  leaflet  embodying  its  conclusions.  It  also  fur- 
nished data  on  living  conditions  and  minimum  wage  for 
workingwomen  to  the  Vice  Commission.  This  was  only  a 
part  of  its  numerqus  activities,  a  report  of  which  can  be 
obtained  from  the  Secretary,  William  B.  Patterson,  Empire 
Building,  Philadelphia. 

In  many  cities  and  towns  the  Federated    Brotherhoods, 


68     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Men's  Clubs  and  Bible  Classes  are  developing  community 
programs,  and  thus  binding  the  church  forces  together  in 
a  common  life  and  action.  The  general  method  of  action 
is  briefly  outlined  in  the  next  chapter  under  the  head  of 
Co-operative  Effort. 


THE  COUNTRY  CHURCH  MOVEMElT. 

The  development  of  the  Country  Church  Movement  has 
been  co-ordinate  with  that  of  the  social  service  movement. 
Because  of  the  fact  that  the  restoration  of  the  country 
church  to  its  place  of  community  leadership  depends  largely 
upon  the  development  of  a  community  program,  nearly  all 
the  denominational  social  service  organizations  have  given 
special  attention  to  the  needs  of  the  country  church. 

The  Federal  Council  Commission  has  a  Committee  at 
iwork  with  a  Field  Investigator,  Rev.  Charles  O.  Gill.  The 
Commission  has  just  issued  a  book  on  the  Country  Church 
by   Messrs.    Gill   and   Pinchot. 

The  Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions  has  the  old- 
est and  strongest  work  in  its  Department  of  Church  and 
Country  Life,  which  has  performed  a  large  interdenomi- 
national service.  The  Department  has  carried  on  various  in- 
vestigations into  country  life  and  country  church  condi- 
tions, has  agitated  widely  in  behalf  of  the  country  church, 
has  taught  a  gospel  of  efficiency  in  country  church  and 
country  schools,  has  carried  on  a  propaganda  through  the 
agricultural  press,  and  has  urged  the  necessity  of  improv- 
ing the  economic  basis  of  rural  religious  organization.  It 
has  also  endeavored  to  train  a  rural  leadership  by  secur- 
ing to  country  ministers  specific  opportunities  for  graduate 
study.  The  director  of  this  work  is  Rev.  Warren  H.  Wil- 
son, 156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service  has  a  Coun- 
try Life  Section,  the  Chairman  of  which  is  Rev.  G.  Fred- 
erick Wells,  Tyringham,  Mass.  Rural  Country  Church  Com- 
missions have  been  organized  in  a  number  of  Annual  Con- 
ferences,  and   where   these   do    not    exist   the    Conference 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       69 

Social  Service  Commissions  give  special  attention  to  the 
needs  of  the  country  church  and  community.  A  standard 
program  for  country  and  village  churches  is  being  worked 
out. 

The  Moravian  Church  has  a  working  Committee  on 
Country  Life,  whose  representative  is  Rev.  Edmund  de  S. 
Brunner,   Coopersburg,   Pa. 


INTERNATIONAL  PEACE  AND  ARBITRATION. 

This  field  is  usually  covered  by  the  Social  Service  agencies 
of  the  denominations,  in  many  cases  by  special  committees. 

This  important  international  form  of  Social  Service  is 
fostered  by  all  the  denominational  agencies.  The  Federal 
Council  has  a  separate  organized  Commission  on  Peace  and 
Arbitration  of  great  influence,  which  has  been  instrumental 
in  organizing  a  general  Church  Peace  League  of  America, 
in  association  with  similar  leagues  in  Great  Britain  and 
Germany. 

The  Commission  is,  by  instruction  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Federal  Council,  arranging  with  the  Federal 
Council  Commission  on  Foreign  Missions,  for  a  Joint  Com- 
mission to  study  and  report  upon  Eastern  Race  Relation- 
ships. 

The  chairman  is  Rev.  J.  B.  Remensnyder,  and  the  secre- 
tary, Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  105  East  22nd  Street,  New 
York  City. 

HOME  MISSIONS. 

From  the  very  beginning  the  work  of  the  denominational 
Boards  of  Home  Missions  has  been  that  of  Social  Regenera- 
tion. The  reports  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on  Home 
Missions,  (secretary.  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  105  East 
22nd  Street),  New  York  City,  and  of  the  Home  Missions 
Council,  should  be  consulted  for  information. 


70    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


OTHER  RELIGIOUS  BODIES. 

The  American  Unitarian  Association  created  a  Depart- 
ment of  Social  and  Public  Service  in  1908.  The  Secretary 
is  Rev.  Elmer  S.  Forbes,  of  Boston.  The  Department  has 
conducted  a  Bureau  of  Council  and  Information,  organized 
a  Lending  Library,  promoted  lecture  courses  in  the  churches, 
putting  a  lecturer  in  the  field,  and  has  planned  consecutive 
Social  Service  Institutes  or  Conferences  in  various  parts 
of  the  country.  Its  most  notable  work  has  been  the  pub- 
lication of  a  series  of  22  pamphlets  on  various  social  service 
topics,  v^hich  are  a  distinct  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
the  question.  From  the  beginning  the  Department  has  es- 
pecially emphasized  Housing  Reform  as  one  of  the  most 
fundamental  of  social  questions. 

In  1912  the  Unitarian  Commission  on  the  Church  and  the 
Social  Question  recommended  that  a  number  of  committees 
should  be  formed  in  the  Department  of  Social  and  Public 
Service,  to  consider  problems  of  social  interest  and  to  sug- 
gest ways  in  which  the  churches  could  bring  their  influence 
to  bear  upon  them.  Eighteen  committees  have  been  or- 
ganized, and  all  but  one  have  presented  reports  of  progress 
which  have  been  published  and  distributed  in  a  separate 
pamphlet.  To  carry  out  the  suggestions  of  these  general 
committees,  social  service  committees  are  being  organized 
in  the  local  churches.  The  Commission  also  recommended 
that  theological  students  should  have,  wherever  possible, 
a  year's  residence  in  some  social  centre,  like  South  End 
House  in  Boston,  or  Hull  House  in  Chicago,  where  they 
may  get  a  first-hand  acquaintance  with  the  problems  of  pov- 
erty and  industrialism,  and  where  they  may  be  trained  to 
deal  practically  with  the  questions  which  they  will  meet 
in  parochial  administration.  The  Department  plans  an  ex- 
tension of  its  field  lectureship,  and  efforts  to  enlist  the 
churches  in  securing  the  passage  of  social  legislation. 

"The  Unitarian  Fellowship  for  Social  Justice,"  is  an  un- 
official organization  that  is  continually  urging  the  denomina- 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      71 

tion  in  the  direction  of  the  Christian  reconstruction  of  the 
social  order. 

The  Universalist  General  Convention  appointed  a  Com- 
mission on  Social  Service  April  7,  1910.  The  Secretary  is 
the  Rev.  Clarence  R.  Skinner,  Universalist  Publishing  House, 
359  Boylston  Street,  Boston,  Mass.  The  Commission  has 
engaged  in  a  campaign  of  education  to  stimulate  interest 
in  the  subject  among  ministers,  divinity  students,  men's 
clubs,  women's  societies  and  young  people's  societies.  It 
proposes  to  stimulate  co-operation  in  social  service  on  the 
part  of  those  who  make  up  the  organized  life  of  the  church 
by  grouping  those  interested  in  any  particular  form  of 
social  service,  by  organizing  the  machinery  of  the  church 
to  secure  better  legislation  and  the  enforcement  of  law,  by 
sending  fraternal  delegates  to  national  social  service  gath- 
erings, by  asking  the  churches  to  take  out  memberships  in 
charity  organization  societies  and  other  social  service  agen- 
cies. The  Commission  also  secures  the  discussion  of  social 
service  topics  at  church  gatherings  and  the  exchange  of 
social  service  information  through  the  church  press. 

In  the  Roman  Church  there  is  the  Social  Service  Commis- 
sion of  the  American  Federation  of  Catholic  Societies.  The 
Secretary  is  Rev.  Peter  E.  Deitz,  503  Murray  Avenue,  Mil- 
waukee, Wis. 

Social  Service,  according  to  the  heart  of  the  Catholic  Fed- 
eration, is  a  spiritual  thing  primarily,  dedicated  to  the  glory 
of  God  and  the  salvation  of  souls.  Among  the  "rules  of 
Pope  Pius  X."  for  the  guidance  of  Roman  Catholics  in  the 
field  of  social  action,  the  following  is  set  forth:  "In  per- 
forming its  functions,  Christian  Democracy  is  most  strictly 
bound  to  depend  upon  Ecclesiastical  Authority,  and  to  ren- 
der full  submission  and  obedience  to  the  Bishops  and  those 
who  represent  them."  Upon  the  basis  of  Pope  Leo's  En- 
cyclical on  Labor,  the  Federation  expresses  its  sympathy 
with  every  legitimate  effort  to  obtain  certain  industrial 
standards,  which  are  practically  those  adopted  by  the  Fed- 
eral Council  of  Churches.  The  Federation  urges  "also  pos- 
sible co-operation  with  other  institutions,  providing  for  the 


72     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

welfare  of  the  more  handicapped  members  of  society,  the 
emigrant,  the  colonist,  the  unorganized  worker  and  the  help- 
less." And  recommends  ''social  study  circles,  lecture 
courses,  conferences,  institutes  for  merchants  and  me- 
chanics, and  the  study  of  co-operative  movements,  especial- 
ly among  farmers."  It  makes  a  special  declaration  regard- 
ing the  white  slave  traffic,  divorce  and  world  peace. 

In  the  Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Catholic  Societies,  there  is  a  social  service  department  of 
four  pages,  a  large  part  of  which  is  occupied  with  argu- 
ments against  Socialism.  It  also  treats  general  social  ques- 
tions and  reports  and  practical  social  service  undertakings. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Commission  is  also  Secretary  of 
the  Militia  of  Christ,  an  organization  of  Catholic  trade- 
unionists,  and  of  Catholics  who  accept  "the  principles  of 
trade-unions."  Non-Catholics  are  admitted  as  associate 
members.  This  body  believes  "that  the  present  organiza- 
tion of  society,  in  so  far  as  it  is  Christian,  is  right;"  believes 
"neither  in  the  anarchy  of  irresponsible  wealth" — "nor  in 
the  anarchy  of  irresponsible  labor;"  "that  every  man  has 
a  right  to  possess  property  even  in  the  toil  of  production; 
for  when  a  man  engages  in  remunerative  labor,  an  impelling 
reason  and  motive  of  his  work  is  to  obtain  property,  and 
thereafter  to  hold  it  as  his  very  own;"  believes  "that  labor 
has  the  right  to  organize,  and  hold  that  its  organization 
should  be  so  conducted  as  to  furnish  to  each  individual 
thereof  the  opportunity  to  better  his  condition."  Its  mem- 
bers organize  therefore,  "first  of  all,  to  educate  ourselves 
to  the  better  understanding  of  sound  principles  of  social 
justice,  the  rights  and  duties  of  individuals,  whether  em- 
ployer or  employee."  "To  promote  the  spirit  of  fraternity 
rather  than  that  of  class  hatred;  the  cause  of  industrial 
peace  rather  than  war;  the  protection  of  the  individual 
rather  than  the  creation  of  state  monoply."  An  article 
by  the  secretary  is  entitled  "There  must  be  a  Catholic  pro- 
gram of  labor   in  the  United   States." 

The  various  Jewish  bodies  have  their  committees  and  com- 
missions in  the  field  of  social  service.     The  Central  Con- 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       73 

ference  of  American  Rabbis  has  committees  on:  Depend- 
ents, Defectives  and  Delinquents;  on  Civil  and  Religious 
Marriage  Laws;  on  Church  and  State;  on  Synagogue  and 
the  Working  Man,  which  has  since  been  named  "The  Syn- 
agogue and  Labor."  In  191 1  the  Conference  adopted  the 
following  plan  and  basis  for  the  work  of  this  committee: 

Secure  a  record  of  the  activity  of  its  constituency  in  be- 
half of  the  Jewish  laborer,  and  in  the  cause  of  industrial 
reform. 

Compile  a  report  of  industrial  reforms  already  adopted 
or  proposed  by  Jewish  employers  of  labor  in  all  lines  of 
industry. 

Collect  data  as  a  record  of  the  achievements  of  Jews  as 
leaders  of  theory  and  practice  in  industrial  reform. 

Compile  a  select  list  of  articles,  sermons,  essays  and  other 
literary  productions  that  reflect  the  moral  aspect  of  the  in- 
dustrial conflict. 

Investigate  the  subject  of  Synagogue  Administration,  cov- 
ering memxbership  dues  and  assessments,  to  ascertain  to  what 
extent  present  methods  affect  the  membership  of  the  laborer 
in  the  Synagogue. 

The  Executive  Committee  be  instructed  to  select  a  Sab- 
bath in  the  year,  in  which  all  members  of  the  Conference 
be  requested  to  preach  to  their  respective  congregations  on 
the  moral  effects  of  labor. 

The  committee  shall  be  authorized,  subject  to  the  approval 
of  the  Executive  Committee,  to  publish  a  brief  bulletin  of 
its  study  in  the  field  of  industry  for  circulation  among  mem- 
bers of  the  Conference. 

In  1912  the  Committee  urged  all  members  of  the  Con- 
ference to  redouble  their  efforts  to  better  economic  condi- 
tions of  the  Jewish  working  people;  that  in  each  commu- 
nity some  provision  should  be  made  to  administer  to  the 
religious  needs  of  the  working  people  who  are  sympathetic 
to  our  cause;  that  the  members  of  the  Conference  in  their 
respective  communities  seek  to  interest  capable  young  men 
and  women,  w^th  inclinations  to  social  service  and  with 
sound  Jewish  feelings,  to  train  for  a  work  which  will  en- 
able them  to  act  as  intermediaries  between  the  working 


74     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

people  and  the  Synagogue,  to  effect  a  reconciliation  between 
the  two  forces,  industry  and  religion,  which  are  right  royal 
partners  in  the  Jewish  system  of  ethics. 

"The  members  of  the  Conference  have  frequently  served 
on  Committees  to  adjust  industrial  difficulties.  The  members 
of  the  Conference  have  also  given  many  sermons  and 
addresses  on  the  subject  of  industrial  peace,  and  many 
Jewish  merchants  and  manufacturers  have  inaugurated 
many  of  the  best  industrial  reforms  for  the  good  of  their 
employees." 


SOCIAL  SERVICE  ORGANIZATIONS  IN  EHGLAND. 

The  Interdenominational  Conference  of  Social  Service 
Unions,  in  England,  organized  in  1909,  meets  twice  each 
year,  bringing  together  the  leaders  of  denominational  social 
service  unions. 

This  Conference  correlates  the  policy  of  these  unions  and 
holds  a  united  summer  school  to  consider  the  one  subject 
which  has  been  chosen  for  study  by  the  various  constituent 
bodies  during  the  following  year.  The  Secretary  of  this 
Conference,  from  whom  a  handbook  can  be  obtained,  is  Miss 
Lucy  Gardner,  the  Mill  House,  Wormingford,  Colchester, 
England. 

The  National  Council  of  the  Evangelical  Free  Churches, 
the  organization  which  unites  the  Nonconformist  churches, 
has  formed  a  Social  Questions  Committee,  the  object  of 
which  has  been  thus  defined,  "to  affirm  the  social  redemptive 
mission  of  the  Evangelical  Free  Churches  of  England,  and 
to  make  practical  suggestions  as  to  how  that  mission  can  best 
be  fulfilled."  The  National  Council,  in  forming  this  com- 
mittee, has  ranged  itself  in  line  with  the  Christian  Social 
Union,  which  has  been  formed  by  members  of  the  Anglican 
Church,  and  with  the  Scottish  Christian  Social  Union, 
which  has  been  formed  by  representatives  of  the  Evangel- 
ical Churches  of   Scotland. 

The  objects  of  those  two  Unions  have  been  set  forth 
more  explicitly,  and  with  more  fulness,  but  practically  they 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations       75 

are  identical  with  those  of  the  Social  Questions  Commit- 
tee of  the  National  Free  Church  Council,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  the  three  bodies  will  not  only  work  in  harmony  with  one 
another,  but  co-operate  in  numerous  ways  to  promote  the 
social  well  being  of  the  people. 

There  are  three  duties  which  the  National  Council  has 
thus  devolved  upon  the  Social  Questions  Committee,  which 
it  has   formed: 

1.  The  study  of  Christ's  teaching,  and  of  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  the  Christian  faith  in  relation  to  the 
social   problems   of   our   time. 

2.  The  upholding  of  Christ's  authority  as  the  Lord  and 
Redeemer  of  human  society,  as  well  as  of  individuals. 

3.  The  wise  direction  of  Christian  redemptive  efforts,  so 
as  to  abate  and  remedy  great  social  evils,  which  degrade 
human  life. 

There  are  various  matters  in  the  Social  Service  Program, 
which  are  of  international  concern,  for  instance,  the  war 
against  war,  and  the  attack  upon  white  slavery.  Certain 
industrial  conditions  are  also  common  to  several  countries. 
In  England  and  in  the  United  States,  the  churches  are 
now  dealing  with  the  moral  and  spiritual  aspects  of  the 
living  wage  question.  In  the  natural  order  of  things,  there- 
fore, the  Social  Service  movement  will  tend  to  become  in- 
ternational. 


III. 

PUBLICATIONS  AND   BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

FEDERAL  COUNCIL  COMMISSION. 
105  East  22nd  Street,  New  York  City. 

"DOOKS    published    or    distributed    by     the     Commission. 
Orders  may  be  sent  to  the  Book  Department  of  the 
Federal   Council. 

Spiritual  Culture  and  Social  Service.  4th  Edition.  By 
Charles  S.  Macfarland,  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council. 
Price  $1.00  net.     Postpaid,  $1.10. 

The  Country  Church:  The  result  of  an  investigation.  By 
Charles  O.  Gill  and  Gifford  Pinchot,  of  the  Committee  on 
the  Church  and  Country  Life.  Price,  $1.25  net.  Postpaid, 
$1.36. 

The  Industrial  Situation.  By  Frank  Tracy  Carlton. 
Price,  75  cents.     Postpaid,  85  cents. 

Christian  Unity  at  Work.  4th  Edition.  The  Second  Coun- 
cil, of  1912.  Edited  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil, 291  pages.     Price,  $1.00  net.     Postpaid,  $1.20. 

A  Year  Book  of  the  Church  and  Social  Service.  By 
Harry  F.  Ward,  Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service.  Price, 
25  cents.     Postpaid,  30  cents. 

The  Federal  Council.  The  Record  of  the  First  Federal 
Council  at  Philadelphia,  1908.  Edited  by  Elias  B.  San- 
ford,  Honorary  Secretary.  575  pages.  Price,  $1.25  net. 
Postpaid,  $1.50. 

76 


Publications  and  Bibliography  77 

Church  Federation.  The  Story  of  Inter-Church  Feder- 
ation at  Carnegie  Hall,  New  York,  in  1905;  an  Initial  and 
Preparatory  Session  of  the  Federal  Council.  Edited  by 
Elias  B.  San  ford,  Honorary  Secretary.  700  pages.  Price, 
$1.50  net.    Postpaid,  $175. 


The  Peace  Problem.  By  Frederick  Lynch,  Secretary  of 
the  Commission  on  Peace  and  Arbitration.  Price,  75  cents 
net.     Postpaid,  80  cents. 

What  Makes  a  Nation  Great?  By  Frederick  Lynch. 
Price,  75   cents  net.     Postp'kid,   80  cents. 

The  Christian  Ministry  and  the  Social  Order.  2d  Edi- 
tion. Edited  by  Charles  S.  Macfarland.  Price,  $1.25  net. 
Postpaid,  $1.40. 

The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches.  By  Harry  F.  Ward. 
Price,  50  cents  net.     Postpaid,  60  cents.  2d  revised  edition. 

The  Gospel  of  Labor.  By  Charles  Stelzle.  Price,  10 
cents. 

A  Social  Survey  for  Rural  Communities.  By  G.  Frederick 
Wells,     Price,  10  cents. 

Pamphlet  Literature. 

Proceedings  of  the  Second  Quadrennial  Council  of  1912, 
to  accompany  the  volume  Christian  Unity  at  Work. 

Social  Studies  for  Adult  Classes,  Study  Groups  and 
Church  Brotherhoods. 

Social   Service   for  Young  People. 

What  Every  Church  Should  Know  About  Its  Community. 

A  Descriptive  Directory  of  State  and  Local  Federations 
of  Churches. 

Report  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Serv- 
ice. 

The  Church  and  Modern  Industry. 

The  South    Bethlehem   Industrial    Investigation. 

The  Muscatine   Industrial  Investigation. 

The  Church's  Appeal  in  Behalf  of  Labor. 


78     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

A  Plan  of  Social  Work  for  the  United  Churches. 

Suggestions   for  Labor   Sunday. 

Labor  Sunday  Program. 

Social  Service  Catechism. 

Reading  Lists  on  Social  Questions. 

Bibliography,  The  Study  of  Social  and  Industrial  Ques- 
tions. 

Platform  of   Social   Principles. 

Model  Constitution  for  a  County  or  City  Federation. 

How   to   Organize   a   Church   Federation. 

Co-operation  in  the  Development  of  the  Home  Field. 

Christian  Nurture  and  Religious  Education. 

Co-operation  among  Christian  Forces  on  the  Foreign 
Field. 

Continuous  Toil  and  Continuous  Toilers,  or  One  Day  in 
Seven  for  Industrial  Workers. 

How  We  Work  Together  in  Town  and  Country. 

The  Federal  Council;  Its  Organization  and  Its  Work. 

Statement  of  Principles  of  the  Federal  Council. 

Statistics  of  the  Religious  Bodies  for  1913.  By  Henry 
K.  Carroll,  Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council. 


PUBLICATIONS   OF  THE   BAPTIST   DEPARTMENT 
OF  SOCIAL  SERVICE  AND   BROTHERHOOD. 

1701-1703  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

The  Social  Service  Year.  (A  Series  of  Social  Service 
Topics   for  Each   Month  in  the  Year.) 

Social  Suggestions  for  Program-Makers. 

A  Select  Bibliography  on  the  Rural  Church  and  Country 
Life. 

The  Church  Organized  for  Service.  (What  to  Do;  How 
to  Do  It;  In  the  Church  and  in  the  Community.) 

The  Town  Program. 

The  Civic  Program. 

Social  Studies  for  Adult  Classes  and  Brotherhoods. 

The  Church  in  the  Smaller  Cities.  Patterson.  10  cents 
net. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  79 

A  Reasonable  Social  Policy  for  Christian  People.  Hen- 
derson.    10  cents  net. 

Ethical  and  Religious  Significance  of  the  State.  Dealey. 
15  cents  net. 

A  Working  Temperance  Program.     Batten.     15  cents  net. 

The  Child  in  the  Normal  Home.  McCrimmon.  10  cents 
net. 

The  Home  as  a  School  for  Social  Living.  Cope.  10 
cents  net. 

The  Churches  Outside  the  Church.  Coleman.  10  cents 
net. 

The  Social  Mission  of  the  Church.  Wishart.  15  cents 
net. 

The  City:  As  it  is,  and  is  to  Be.  Woodruff.  15  cents 
net. 

The  Church  and  the  Social  Movement.  Stelzle.  10  cents 
net. 

International  Justice.     Wilson.     10  cents  net. 

Welfare   Work  by    Corporations.      Goss.     10   cents   net. 

The  Recovery  of  the  Home.     Thwing.     10  cents  net. 

What  Parents  Should  Teach  Their  Children.  Stall.  10 
cents  net. 

The  Function  of  the  Family.     Hanson.     10  cents  net. 

Why  Boys  and  Girls  Go  Wrong.     Hoben.     10  cents  net. 

The  Housing  Problem.     Kennedy.     10  cents  net. 

One  Rest  Day  in  Seven.     Horsman.     10  cents  net. 

The  Disruption  of  the  Home.     Chase.     10  cents  net. 

The  Church  in  the  Country  Town.  Bemies.  15  cents 
net. 

Workingmen's  Insurance.     Henderson.     10  cents  net. 

Child  Labor.     Lovejoy.     10  cents  net, 


PUBLICATIONS     OF     THE      CONGREGATIOl^AL 
SOCIAL  SERVICE  COMMISSION. 

14  Beacon  Street,  Boston. 

The  Church   for   Brotherhood  in  Industry.     Free. 
Industrial  Platform  (Cards),  per  100.    25  cents. 


80     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Outline   Organization   and   Activities      (Social    Service). 
Free. 
The  Correspondence  Course  Leaflet.     Free. 
The  Lantern  Slide  Leaflet.     Free. 
Daily  Tasks  on  Ellis  Island  (Immigration).     Free. 
Objective   (Printed  on  Card).     Free. 
Community  Thinking  in  the  Town  Church.     3  cents. 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    METHODIST    FEDERA- 
TION FOR  SOCIAL  SERVICE. 

2512  Park  Place,  Evanston,  111. 

The  Social  Creed;  on  cards.     25  cents  per  100;  $2  per 
1,000. 

The  Church  and  the  Social  Question   (Statement  of  the 
General  Conference  of  1912).     5  cents;  $2  per  100. 

Our  Immediate  Program.     Free. 

Our  Record  and  Activities.     Free. 

Suggestions  for  Individual  Service.    2  cents;  $1  per  100. 

Social  Service  in  the  Sunday  School.    Single  Copies  Free. 
$2  per   100. 

Social  Service  for  Adult  Bible  Classes.     Single    Copies 
Free.     $2  per  100. 

Social  Service  in  the  Epworth  League.      Single    Copies 
Free.     $2  per  100. 

Social      Service    for    Church    Women.       Single     Copies 
Free.     $2  per   100. 

Social  Service  and  the  Brotherhood.     Free. 

Social  Evangelism.    Free. 

The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches.    (Suitable  for  Classes.) 
50  cents. 

Social  Ministry.     $1.00. 

The  Socialized  Church.  $1.00. 

The  Methodist  Book  Concern  makes  a  special  ofifer  of  the 
three  for  $1.50. 

The   Social   Service   Bulletin,  bi-monthly,   free  to  mem- 
bers. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  81 


PUBLICATIONS   OF   THE  PESBYTERIAN   BUREAU 
OF  SOCIAL  SERVICE. 

156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

Bureau  of  Social  Service.     Outline  of  Work. 

V/hat  the  Presbyterian  Church  Believes  About  Social 
Problems. 

The  Relation  of  the  Church  to  the  Labor  Movement. 

An  Industrial  Parish  for  every  Church. 

Can  the   Church   stand   for   Organized   Labor? 

The  Story  of  Chicago's  Shop-Meeting  Campaign. 

A  Letter  to  Ministerial  Fraternal  Delegates  to  Central 
Labor  Unions. 

The  Function  of  the  Fraternal  DelegatCc 

Class   Spirit  in  America. 

Not  "Missions,"  but  Churches  for  Workingmen. 

An  Experience  in  'Institutional"   Church  Work. 

A  Modern  Church  to  Meet  a  Modern  Situation. 

The  Sag  Harbor  Survey. 

Sociological  and  Religious  Survey  of  Seventy  American 
Cities. 

Getting  at  the  Heart  of  the  Downtown  Problem. 

Survey  of  Huntingdon  Presbytery. 

And  many  other  leaflets. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL 
JOINT  COMMISSION. 

281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

A  Social  Service  Program  for  the  Parish.  Five  cents 
per  copy;  three  dollars  per  hundred. 

Social  Service  for  Diocesan  Commissions.  Fifteen  cents 
per  copy. 

A  Model  Canon  for  Diocesan  Social  Service  Commis- 
sions.    Two  cents  per  copy. 


82     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Social  Service  and  the  Episcopal  Church.  Fifteen  cents 
per  copy. 

American  Trade  Unions.     Rev.  W.  D.  P.  Bliss. 

Annual  Report,  June,  1910:  The  Church  and  a  New  So- 
cial  Order.      Clinton   Rogers   Woodruff. 

Arbitration  and  Conciliation  in  Industrial  Disputes.  Rev. 
W.  D.  P.  Bliss. 

The  Christian  Law.  Rt.  Rev.  Brooke  Foss  Westcott, 
D.D.,  LL.D. 

Christian   Socialism.     Rev.    Frederic   D.   Maurice. 

The   Christian   Social  Union:   A  Brief   Statement. 

The  Church  at  Work  Socially.  Clinton  Rogers  Wood- 
ruff. 

The  Church's  Duty  in  Relation  to  the  Sacredness  of 
Property.      Rev.    W.    Cunningham,   D.D.,   LL.D. 

The  Church  of  the  World.  Rev.  Robert  A.  Holland, 
S.T.D. 

The  Church's  Opportunity  in  the  City  To-day.  Rev.  H.  S. 
Rainsford,  D.D. 

The  Duty  of  the  Christian  Minister  in  Relation  to  Social 
Problems.     ''Deo   Duce." 

The  Economics  of  Devotion.     Rev.  Charles  Ferguson. 

Education  in  Relation  to  Charity.     John  O.  Norris. 

Industrial  Arbitration  and  Conciliation.  Mrs.  C.  R.  Low- 
ell. 

The  Labor  Problem  from  the  Laborer's  Point  of  View. 

The  Legality  and  Propriety  of  Labor  Organizations. 
Richard   Olney. 

The  Modification  of  Christianity  by  Its  Contact  with  the 
World.    Prof.  E.  P.  Gould. 

A  Plan  of  Work. 

Political  Economy  and  Practical  Life.  Rev.  W.  Cun- 
ningham, D.D.,  LL.D. 

Present  Aspect  of  the  Church  Social  Union.  Rev.  F.  D. 
Huntington,  D.D. 

Prison  Reform  in  Massachusetts.  Rev.  Frederick  B.  Al- 
len. 

The  Railroad  Strike  of  1894.    W.  J.  Ashley,  M.A. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  83 

Recent  English  Legislation  and  Some  Recent  Decisions  of 
American  Courts  on  the  Liability  of  Employers. 

The  Relation  Between  the  Church  and  the  Associated 
Charities.     Robert  Treat  Paine. 

Report  of  the  Executive  Committee  for  Year  Ending  May 
I,  1899. 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    UNITARIAN    DEPART- 
MENT OF  SOCIAL  AND  PUBLIC  SERVICE. 

25  Beacon  Street,  Boston. 

No.  I.     The  Social  Welfare  Work  of  Unitarian  Churches. 

The  report  of  an  investigation. 

No.  2.     Working  with  Boys.     By  Rev.  Elmer  S.  Forbes. 

Hints  on  the  organization   and  conduct  of   Boys'   Clubs. 

'No.  3.  The  Individual  and  the  Social  Order  in  Re- 
ligion.    By   Rev.   Frederic  A.   Hinckley. 

Individualism  and  socialism  reconciled  by  religion. 

No.  4.  A  Remedy  for  Industrial  Warfare.  By  Charles 
W.  Eliot. 

The  Canadian  Act   for  maintenance  of  industrial  peace. 

No.  5.  Some  L^nsettled  Questions  about  Child  Labor.  By 
Owen  R.  Love  joy. 

Four  problems  which  require  immediate  attention. 

No.  6.  The  Social  Conscience  and  the  Religious  Life. 
By  Francis  G.  Peabody. 

The  awakening  of  the  churches  to  social  problems. 

No.  7.  Friendly  Visiting.  By  Mary  E.  Richmond.  A 
direct  and  personal  method  of  philanthropic  activity. 

No.  8.  Rural  Economy  as  a  Factor  in  the  Success  of  the 
Church.     By  Thomas  N.  Carver. 

Prosperous  members  essential  to  a  successful  church. 

No.  9.  The  Relation  of  the  Church  to  the  Social  Worker. 
By  Herbert  Welch. 

The  spiritualization  of  charity  and  social  reform. 

No.  10.  Popular  Recreation  and  Public  Morality.  By 
Luther   H.    Gulick,    M.D. 


84     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

As  a  man  playeth  so  is  he. 

No.  II.     The  Wise  Direction  of  Church  Activities  Toward 
Social  Welfare.     By  Charles  W.  Eliot. 
Points  out  effective  social  work  which  churches  can  do. 
No.  12.     The  Democracy  of  the  Kingdom.     By  Rt.  Rev. 
Charles  D.  Williams,  D.D. 
The  church  must  stand  for  men  simply  as  men. 
No.  13.     Bad  Housing  and  What  it  Means  to  the  Com- 
munity.    By  Albion   Fellows   Bacon. 

The  effect  of  slum  life  on  physical  and  moral  health. 
No.  14.     City   Building   in    Germany.     By    Frederic    C. 
Howe. 

Art,  foresight,  and  common-sense  in  city  development. 
No.  15.     Religious   Work  and   Opportunity    in    Country 
Towns. 
The  Report  of  a  Committee  of  Investigation. 
No.  16.     Comprehensive  Planning  for  Small  Towns  and 
Villages.     By  John  Nolen. 
,    How  to  prevent  mistakes  in  the  growth  of  towns. 

No.  17.     The   Inter-relation   of    Social   Movements.      By 
Mary  E.  Richmond. 

Shows  how  different  social  movements  are  connected. 
No.  18.     Vocational  Guidance.     By  Meyer  Bloomfield. 
An  effort  to  fit  youth  for  their  life-work. 
No.  19.     The    Improvement    of    the    Rural    School.      By 
Updegraff. 

The  benefit  to  country  life  of  the  socialized   school. 
No.  20.     Knowing    One's    Own    Community.      By    Carol 
Aronovici. 

Suggestions  for  social  surveys  of  small  cities  and  towns. 
No.  21.     Social  Service  for  Young  People  in  the  Church 
School.     By  Clara  Bancroft  Beatley. 
The  social  interest  of  young  people  developed  by  service. 
No.  22.     The   Church   at  Work.     By   Elmer   S.   Forbes. 
Discusses  parish  organization  for  social  work. 
No.  23.     Social  and  Civic  Centers.     By  Edward  J.  Ward. 
Concerned  with  the  larger  use  of  public  school  buildings. 
No.  24.     A   Rural   Experiment.     By   Ernest   Bradley. 
A  study  of  the  recreation  of  a  country  community. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  85 

No.  25.  A  Practical  Platform  for  Social  Progress.  By- 
Charles  F.   Dole. 

Suggests  ways  in  which  social  ideals  can  be  realized. 

No.  26.  The  Rural  Problem  and  the  Country  Minister. 
By  Joseph  Woodbury  Strout. 

A  diagnosis  of  the  backwardness  of  the  country. 

No.  27.     Prisoners'  Work.     By  E.   Stagg  Whitin,  Ph.D. 

Aimed  against  the  exploitation  of  the  convict. 

No.  28.     Conservation  of  National  Resources. 

Calls  a  halt  upon  national  extravagance  and  waste. 

No.  29.  Both  Sides  of  the  Servant  Question.  By  Annie 
Winsor  Allen. 

The  way  out  of  a  difficult  social  problem. 


GENERAL   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Note:  All  the  Books  mentioned  in  the  rest  of  this  chapter 
may  be  examined  at  the  library  of  the  Federal  Council 
Commission. 

READING  LISTS. 

Issued  by  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service 

of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ 

in  America. 

Human    Documents    of   the    Social   Movement    in    the 
United  States. 

A  course  of  reading  specially  recommended  for  young 

people. 

Jane  Addams.    Twenty  Years  at  Hull  House. — Macmillan. 
Jacob  Riis.    The  Making  of  an  American. — Macmillan. 
E.  A.  Steiner.    Against  the  Current. — Fleming  H.  Revell. 
Alexander  Irvine.     From  the  Bottom  Up. — Doubleday. 
B.    T.    Washington.      Up    from    Slavery. — (Association 

Press)  Doubleday. 
Washington   Gladden.     Recollections. — Houghton   Mifflin. 


86     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Mary  Antin,     The  Promised  Land. — Houghton  Mifflin. 
Anon.     "Undistinguished  Americans." — James  Pott. 

Social  Service  Reading  Course. 
A  brief  list  of  books  for  beginners. 

Walter  Rauschenbusch.     Christianizing  the  Social  Order. 

— Macmillan. 
S.  Z.  Batten.     The  Social  Task  of  Christianity.— Fleming 

H.  Revell. 
H.  F.  Ward.    The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches.— Eaton 

&  Mains. 
E.  T.  Devine.     Misery  and  Its  Causes. — Macmillan. 
Josiah   Strong.     The   Next   Great  Awakening. — Baker  & 

Taylor. 
Jane  Addams.    The  Spirit  of  Youth  and  the  City  Streets. 

— Macmillan. 

E.  A.   Ross.     Sin  and   Society. — Houghton  Mifflin. 

J.  W.  Jenks  and  W.  J.  Lauck.  The  Immigration  Problem. 
— Funk  &  Wagnalls. 

W.  E.  Weyl.     The  New  Democracy. — Macmillan. 

H.  C.  Vedder.  Socialism  and  the  Ethics  of  Jesus. — Mac- 
millan. 

C.  H.  Sears.  The  Redemption  of  the  City. — American 
Baptist  Publication  Society. 

Josiah  Strong.     Our  World. — Doubleday. 

C.  O.  Gill  and  Gifford  Pinchot.  The  Country  Church. 
— Macmillan. 

Frank  Carlton.  The  Industrial  Situation. — Fleming  H. 
Revell. 

Graham  Taylor,    lleligion  in  Social  Action. — Dodd,  Mead. 

A  selected  list  of  books  on  the  social  movement  in  the 

CHURCHES    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

F.  G.  Peabody.  Jesus  Christ  and  the  Social  Question. 
— Macmillan. 

Walter  Rauschenbusch.  Christianity  and  the  Social 
Crisis. — Macmillan. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  87 

C.  R.  Brown.      The  Social  Message  of  the  ?Nlodern  Pulpit. 

— Scribner. 
Washington   Gladden.     The   Church  and   Modern   Life. — 

Houghton  Mifflin. 
S.  Z.  Batten.     The  Social  Task  of  Christianity. — Fleming 

H.  Revell. 
Yale  Lectures.     The   Christian   Ministry   and   the    Social 

Order. — Yale  University  Press. 
Shailer  Mathews.     The  Church  and  the  Changing  Order. 

— Macmillan. 
J.  H.  Crooker.     The  Church  of  To-day. — Pilgrim  Press. 
Charles  Stelzle.    Christianity's  Storm  Centre. — Fleming  H. 

Revell. 
George    Hodges.       Faith     and     Social     Service. — Young 

Churchman. 
E.  L.  Earp.    The  Social  Engineer. — Eaton  &  Mains. 
W.  H.  Wilson.     The  Church  of  the  Open  Country. — Mis- 
sionary Education  Movement. 
Kenyon  Butterfield.     The  Country  Church  and  the  Rural 

Problem. — University  of  Chicago  Press. 
H.  F.  Ward.     The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches. — Eaton 

&  Mains. 
H.  C.  King.     Theology  and  the   Social  Consciousness. — 

Macmillan. 
W.  D.  Hyde.     Outlines  of  Social  Theology. — -Macmillan. 
T.   C.  Hall.     Social   Solutions  in  the  Light  of  Christian 

Ethics. — Eaton  &  Mains. 
C.  R.  Henderson.     Social  Duties  from  the  Christian  Point 

of  View. — University  of  Chicago   Press. 
S.  N.  Patten.     The  Social  Basis  of  Religion. — Ma^cmillan. 
H.  C.  Vedder.     Socialism  and  the  Ethics  of  Jesus. — Mac- 
millan. 
Josiah  Strong.    Our  World. — Doubleday. 
W.  M.   Balch.     Christianity  and  the  Labor  Movement. — 

Sherman  French. 
C.  O.  Gill  and  Gifford  Pinchot.     The  Country  Church. — 

Macmillan. 
Men  and  Religion  IMovement.     Social  Service  Message. — ■ 

Association  Press. 


88     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

G.  B.  Smith.  Social  Idealism  and  the  Changing  Theology. 
— Macmillan. 

Graham  Taylor.    Religion  in  Social  Action. — Dodd,  Mead. 

C.  H.  Dickinson.  The  Christian  Reconstruction  of  Modern 
Life. — Macmillan. 

C.  S.  Macfarland.  Spiritual  Culture  and  Social  Service. 
—Fleming  H.   Revell. 

R.  L.  Finney.  Personal  Religion  and  the  Social  Awaken- 
ing.— Eaton  &  Mains. 


A  COURSE  OF  READING  ON    SOCIAL  SUBJECTS   FOR 
"    MINISTERS  AND   WORKERS. 

Issued  by  The  Commission  on    the  Church  and  Social  Service  of  the 

Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

PART  I. 


Subject 


Suggested 


Alternative 


The  Social 
Task  of  the 
Church 


The  Home 


The  Indus 
trial  Prob 
lem 


Rauschenbusch— 
Christianity  and 
The  Social  Crisis; 
Batten— The  So- 
c  i  a  1  Task  of 
Christianity;  Gill 
and  Pinchot  — 
The  Country 
Church;  Dicken- 
son—The  Chris- 
tian Reconstruc- 
tion of  Modern 
Life: 


Peabody  —  Jesus 
Christ  and  the 
Social  Question; 
Ward  and  Others 
— The  S  o  c  i 
Creed  of  the 
Churches;  Tay 
lor — Religion  in 
Social  Action; 


T  h  w  i  n  g — The 
Family;     Riis — 
The     Peril      and 
Preservation      of 
the  Home; 


Supplementary 


Hodges — Faith  and  Social  Ser- 
vice; Brown — The  Social  Mes- 
sage of  the  Modern  Pulpit; 
Mathews — The  Church  and  the 
Changing  Order;  Butterfield — 
The  Country  Church  and  the 
Rural  Problem; 


Veiller — -Housing 
Reform ;  Spargo 
—The  Bitter  Cry 
of  the  Children; 


Carlton — History 
and  Problems  of 
Organized  Labor; 
Redfield  —  The 
New  Industrial 
day; 


Ely  —  Evolution 
of  Industrial  So 
ciety;  Adams  and 
Sumner  —  Labor 
Problems; 


Social 
Waste 


Warner  —  Amer 
ican  Charities; 
Devine —  Misery 
and  Its  Causes 


Smith  —  Social 
Pathology;  De 
vine —  Principles 
of  Relief: 


Howard — Matrimonial  Institu- 
tions; Davenport — Heredity  in 
Relation  to  Eugenics;  Mangold 
Child  Problems;  Addams — 
The  Spirit  of  Youth  and  the 
City  Streets;   King — Social  As- 

pects  of  Education; 

Mitchell — Organized  Labor; 
Jenks — The  Trust  Problem; 
Hobson — The  Evolution  of  Mod- 
ern Capitalism;  N  e  a  r  i  n  g  — 
Wages  in  the  United  States; 
Stelzle— The  Church  and  the 
Working  Man;  Kellogg — The 
Pittsburg  Survey: 


Richmond — The  Good  Neighbor; 
Hunter — Poverty;  Wines — Pun- 
ishment and  Reform;  Report  of 
Committee  of  Fifty — Substitutes 
for  the  Saloon;  Report  of  Com- 
Imittee  of  Fifteen — The  Social 
Evil;  Addams— The  New  Con- 
1  science  and  an  Ancient  Evil. 


Publications  and  Bibliography 


89 


PART  II. 


Subject 

Suggested 

Alternative 

Supplementary 

iEconomics 
and  Sociol- 
ogy 

Seager    —    Prin- 
ciples of  Econom- 
ics; EUwood — So- 
ciology and  Mod- 
ern Social  Prob- 
lems; 

Ely— Outlines  of 
Economics;  Ward 
— Applied     Soci- 
ology; 

McKenzie — Introduction  to  So- 
cial Philosophy;  Taussig — Prin- 
ciples of  Economics;  Fairbanks 
— Introduction  to  Sociology; 
Patten— The  New  Basis  of  Civ- 
ilization. 

Social  The- 
oloRY     and 
Social  Eth- 
ics 

Hyde  — Outlines 
of   Social    Theol- 
ogy; Hall — Social 
Solutions- 

King —  Theology 
and     the     Social 
Con  sciousness; 
Henderson  —  So- 
cial Duties; 

Fremantle — The  World  the 
Subject  of  Redemption;  Nash — 
The  Genesis  of  the  Social  Con- 
science; Ross— Sin  and  Society; 
Addams — Democracy  and  Social 
Ethics;  Patten— The  Social  Ba- 
sis of  Religion. 

Socialism 

Kirkup — History 
o  f         Socialism: 
E  I  y — Socialism 
and    Social     Re- 
form; 

Skelton — Social- 
ism; Spargo — So- 
ciaUsm; 

Vedder — Socialism  and  the  Eth- 
ics of  Jesus;  Wells — New 
Worlds  for  Old;  Sombart — So- 
cialism and  the  Social  Move- 
ment; Bernstein — Evolutionary 
Socialism;  George — Progress  and 
Poverty; 

Politics 

Jenks    —     Prin- 
ciples of  Politics; 
Batten  —The 
Christian    State; 

Weyl— The  New 
Democracy  ; 
Goodnow —  Mu- 
nicipal     Govern- 
ment ; 

Bluntschli — The  Theory  of  the 
State;  Dole— The  Spirit  of 
Democracy;  Smith — The  Spirit 
of  American  Government ;Good- 
now — Social  Reform  and  the 
Constitution. 

Note — The  Survey  ($3.00  a  year,  105  E.  22d  Street,  New  York)  is  the  most 
useful  periodical. 


A    BOOK-A-MONTH    READING    COURSE    ON    SOCIAL    CHRISTIANITY. 

Suggested  by  the  Baptist  Social  Service  Commission. 

Rauschenbusch.  Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis.  50 
cents. 

Batten.     The  Social  Task  of  Christianity.     $1.25. 

Mathews.     The  Social  Teaching  of  Jesus.     50  cents. 

Ward.     The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches.     50  cents. 

Strong.  The  Challenge  of  the  City.  50  cents  and  35 
cents.  Or  Fiske.  The  Challenge  of  the  Country.  75  cents 
and    50   cents. 

Ellwood.     Sociology  and  Modern  Social  Problems.    $1.00. 

Peabody.     The  Liquor  Problem:  a  Summary.     $1.00. 

Conyngton.     How  to  Help.     $1.50. 

Jenks  and  Lauck.     The  Immigration   Problem.     $1.75. 

Carlton.    History  and  Problems  of  Organized  Labor.  $2.00. 

Weyl.     The  New  Democracy.     $2.00. 

Stelzle.    American  Social  and  Religious  Conditions.  $1.00. 


90     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Note.  "Studies  in  the  Gospel  of  the  Kingdom,"  edited 
by  Josiah  Strong,  are  of  value  for  class  study  of  social 
problems.    Paper,  75  cents. 

SOME  SIGNIFICANT  BOOKS  OF  1913. 

May  be  examined  at  the   Library  of  the   Federal   Council 

Commission. 
I.  General. 
Christianizing  the  Social  Order.     Walter  Rauschenbusch 
— Macmillan. 
Analyzes  the   Christian  and  the  un-Christian  elements 
in  the  present  social  order;  shows  what  remains  to  be 
done  in  the  task  of  social  redemption. 
Christ   in   the    Social    Order.     W.    M,    Clow. — Eaton    & 
Mains. 
A  strong  and  constructive  volume. 
The   Christian   Reconstruction   of   Modern   Life.     C.    H. 
Dickinson — Macmillan. 
Aims  at  the  spiritualizing  of  the  social  passion.     Main- 
tains  that   the   social  movement   can   attain   its   recon- 
structive  purpose   only   as   it   comes   to    spiritual   self- 
consciousness. 
Social  Idealism  and  the  Changing  Theology.  G.  B.  Smith — 
Macmillan. 
Would  rescue  theology  from  an  exclusive  intellectual- 
ism   and   relate  it  to  the  pressing  moral   questions   of 
social  justice. 
Our  World.     Josiah  Strong — Doubleday,  Page. 

Sketches  and  discusses  problems  of  the  new  world  life 
now   forming,  in  power  of  social  control,  in  industry, 
in  peace  and  in  idealism. 
Social  Religion.     Scott  Nearing — Macmillan. 

Finds  the  elements  of  social  religion  in  clean  living, 
social  service,  and  social  justice,  insisting  that  a  social 
religion  cannot  be  founded  on  the  proceeds  of  social 
injustice. 
American  Social  and  Religious  Conditions.  Charles 
Stelzle— Revell. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  91 

Presents  the  results  of  the  social  studies  made  by  the 
Men    and    Religion    Movement. 

Personal  Religion  and  the  Social  Awakening.    R.  L.  Finney 
— Jennings  &  Graham. 
Contends  that  we  need  more  social  ends  to  actuate  our 
personal    religion,   we   need   more   personal    spirituality 
to  vitalize  our  social  religion. 

The  Theory  of   Social    Revolutions.      Brooks    Adams — 
Macmillan. 
Advances  a  theory  of  progress  by  revolution,  account- 
ing   for    the    replacing    of    our    present    social    system 
by  a  new  order. 

Religion  in  Social  Action,  Graham  Taylor — Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co. 
Presents   the    function   of   the   church   in   the   political 
sphere,    in   that   of    the    family,    the    neighborhood,    in 
industry. 

Spiritual   Culture   and   Social    Service,   Charles   S.   Mac- 
farland — Revell. 
Sets   forth  the  mutual  relations  between  religious  im- 
pulse and  social  'passion. 

Sociology  in  its  Psychological  Aspects,  C.  A.  Ellwood 
— Appletons. 
Presents  social  progress  as  a  synthesis  of  moral  move- 
ments, discovers  the  meaning  of  society  for  the  indi- 
vidual in  a  life  of  service,  and  the  outcome  of  a 
rational   sociology   in   a   perfected   social   life. 

Between    Eras    from    Capitalism    to    Democracy,    A.    W. 
Small — The  Intercollegiate  Press. 
An  indictment  of  capitalism  as  an  economic  and  moral 
failure. 

The  Clergy  and  Social  Service,  W.  M.  Ede — The  Young 
Churchman  Co. 
Briefly   outlines   the   program   of   social   redemption   to 
English  clergymen. 

The    Human    Slaughter-House,    W.    Lamszuz. — Stokes. 
Depicts  the  impossibility  of  war  from  the  psychological 
standpoint. 
The  South  Mobilizing  for  Social  Service,  Proceedings 


92     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

of  the  Southern   Sociological   Congress   for   1913.     A 
large  section  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service. 

Social  Service  Message,  the  Men  and  Rehgion  Movement, 
— Association  Press. 
A  ringing  challenge  to  the  churches  to  grapple  with 
the  tasks  of  social  redemption. 

Christian  Unity  at  Work,  Macfarland — Published  by  the 
Federal  Council. 
Contains  the  reports  of  Commissions  on  Social  Ser- 
vice, Peace  and  Arbitration,  and  other  related  work 
and  important  utterances  by  Rauschenbusch,  Steiner, 
Shailer  Mathews,  and  others. 

Ford,   James   B. — Co-operation   in   New   England. 

Kellogg,  Paul  U. — Editor:  The  Pittsburgh  Survey. 
Author:  Pittsburgh,  the  Gist  of  the  Survey.  Published 
by  Survey  Associates. 

2.  Industrial. 

Distribution   of    Incomes    in    the    United    States,    F.    H. 
Streightoff — Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 
Presents  tentative  conclusions  concerning  the  compar- 
ative income  of  various  groups,  suggests  the  need  and 
possibility  of  further  evidence. 
The  New  Industrial  Day,  W.  C.  Redfield — The  Century 
Co. 
Presents  the  human  side  of  industry  by  an   employer 
of  experience. 
Artificial  Flower  Makers ;  Women  In  the  Bookbinding  Trade, 
Mary  Van  Kleeck — Survey  Associates. 
Presents  the  results  of  investigations,  concrete  illustra- 
tion of  industrial  problems,  with  suggested  remedies. 
Senate  Document  645,  19  volumes  issued  by  the  Depart- 
ment   of    Labor    on    the    conditions    of    women    and 
children  wage-earners  in  the  United  States. 
American  Syndicalism,  J.  G.  Brooks — Macmillan. 

A   sympatlietic    but    limited    study   by   a   broad-minded 
economist  and  a  wide  observer. 
Syndicalism,    Industrial    Unionism    and    Socialism,    John 
Spargo — Huebsch. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  93 

A  keen  and  yet  fair  criticism  of  Syndicalist  philosophy 

and  tactics   from  the   Socialist  standpoint. 
The  New  Unionism,  Andre  Tridon — Huebsch. 

A  clear  statement   of  the  philosophy   and  practice   of 

Syndicalism,  its  history,  and  its  present  status  all  over 

the  world. 
Syndicalism,  J.  R.  MacDonald — The  Open  Court  Publish- 
ing Co. 

A  merciless  analysis  of  the  weakness  of  Snydicalism. 
Young  Working  Girls,  Woods  and  Kennedy — Houghton, 
Mifflin  Co. 

A   study   by   settlement   workers   of   the   vital   problem 

of  the  adolescent  girl  of  the  tenement-house  family  and 

the  city   factory   or  department  store. 
Butler,   Elizabeth   B. — Saleswomen   in   Mercantile  Stores. 

Published  by  Survey  Associates. 

Immigratiojt. 

Immigration    and    Labor,   I.    A.    Hourwich — Putnam. 
Uses   the   Report   of   the   Immigration    Commission    to 
prove  that  recent  immigration  has  not  displaced  other 
labor,  nor  reduced  wages,  nor  lowered  the  standard  of 
living. 

The  New  Immigration,  Peter  Roberts — Macmillan. 

A  survey  of  the  industrial  life,  the  living  conditions,  the 
social  relations  of  the  later  immigrants,  with  sugges- 
tions for  work  with  them. 

Immigration,    H.    P.    Fairchild — Macmillan. 

Considers  the  results  of  our  newer  immigration  in 
relation  to  worldwide   social   and  economic  conditions. 

The  Immigrant   Invasion,   F.   J.   Warne — Dodd,   Mead  & 
Co. 
An  authorative  discussion  of  population   statistics  and 
of  the  economic   effects   of   immigration. 

The  Immigrant,  F.  J.  Haskin — Revell. 

A  popular  hand-book  of  information  about  immigrants 
before  and  after  they  arrive. 

Lessons  in  English  for  Foreign  Women,  Ruth  Austin — 
American  Book  Co. 
Very  useful  for  church  classes. 


94s    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

4.  Education. 

Education  for  Efficiency,  Irving  King — Appletons. 

Presents  the  new  ideal  in  education  and  outlines  the 
measures  which  are  realizing  it,  social  centers,  voca- 
tional guidance,  etc. 

The   Social  Center,  E.  J.  Ward — Appletons. 

Outlines  from  experience  the  plans  and  purpose  of  the 
social  center  as  a  community  builder  and  a  force  for 
democracy. 

Examples  of  Industrial  Education,  F.  M.  Leavitt — Ginn 
&  Co. 
Presents  the  joint  demand  of  educators,  social  workers, 
organized    labor    and    manufacturers.      Describes    the 
American  experiments  to  answer  this  demand. 

The  Montessori  System,  T.  L.  Smith — Harpers. 

An  explanation  of  this  system  "and  an  account  of  the 
attempt  to  work  it  out  in  American  schools. 

5.  The  Woman  Movement. 

Woman  in  Modern  Society,  Earl  Barnes — Huebsch. 

An  adequate  review  of  the  effect  of  the  woman  move- 
ment in  education,  industry  and  government,  and  a 
sympathetic  estimate  of  its  significance  for  social  prog- 
ress. 

The  Woman  Movement,  Ellen  Key — Putnam. 
An    interpretation    and    estimate    of    the    entire    move- 
ment of  women  for  self-development  and  self-expres- 
sion from  the  standpoint  of  spiritual  values. 

6.  Socialism. 

Socialism  Summed  Up,  Morris  Hillquit — H.   K.  Fly. 
An  authoritative  review  of  American  political   Social- 
ism. 

The   Truth  About   Socialism,   Allan   Benson — Huebsch. 
The  popular  summary  of  the  Socialist  movement. 

Socialism,  A.  R.  Johns — Eaton  &  Mains. 
A  sympathetic  but  limited  attempt  to  show  the  strength 
and  the  weakness  of  Socialism. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  95 

Marxism  Versus  Socialism,  V.  G.  Simkhovitch — Henry 
Holt. 
Shows  how  the  present  economic  condition  and  tendency 
do  not  fulfil  the  forecast  of  Marx,  describes  the  vari- 
ous changing  phases  of  modern  Socialism  and  the 
quest  for  a  new  meaning  of  the  term. 

7.  Rural  Life. 

The  Farmer  of  To-morrow,  F.  I.  Anderson.  Macmillan. 
Charts  the  land  empire  awaiting  reclamation  and  pre- 
sents the  evidence  for  the  new  doctrine  of  the  inex- 
haustibility of  the  mineral  elements  in  the  soil. 

The  Country  Church  and  Community  Co-operation.     As- 
sociation Press. 
It  preaches  the  doctrine  that  building  the  community 
is  the  job  of  the  country  church,  and  is  full  of  practical 
suggestions  from  men  in  the  field. 

Solving  the  Country  Church  Problem,  G.  A.  Bricker. 
Jennings  &  Graham. 

Outlines  practical  and  sensible  methods  suggested  by  vari- 
ous rural  workers  for  the  strengthening  of  the  country 
church. 

The  Country  Church,  Gill  and  Pinchot,  (by  authority  of 
the  Federal   Council.) 

Presents  the  specific  results  of  an  original  study  of  actual 

conditions    of    church    growth    and    influence    in    a    rural 

population   of   50,000. 

8.  Human  Interest. 

A  Sunny  Life,  Isabel  C.  Barrows — Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
Describes  the  labors  and  imparts  the  spirit  of  S.  J. 
Barrows,  leader  in  prison  reform  and  creator  of  the 
International  Prison  Congress. 

Out  of  the  Dark,  Helen  Keller — Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 
Gives  the  social  vision  of  blind  eyes  into  social  democ- 
racy, the  woman  movement,  the  social  evil  and  the 
practical  problem  of  the  blind. 

The  Autobiography  of  a  Working  Woman,  A.  Popp — > 
F.  G.   Brown  &  Co. 


96     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

A  revelation  of  the  practical  and  spiritual  struggles 
of  the  thinking  section  of  the  working  class,  with  the 
simplicity  that  surpasses  art. 
Broke,  The  Man  without  the  Dime,  E.  A.  Brown — Browne 
&  Howell  Co. 
The  experiences  of  a  well-to-do  citizen,  traveling  in 
overalls,  without  resources,  to  find  out  what  different 
cities  do  for  the  man  or  woman  out  of  work. 


IV. 

METHODS  AND  PROGRAMS. 

'T^HIS  chapter  presents  the  suggestions  for  methods  and 
^  programs  for  local  churches  and  groups  of  churches 
which  have  been  worked  out  by  the  various  denomina- 
tional agencies.  The  origin  is  indicated  in  each  case  by 
a  single  word.  The  full  title  and  address  of  every  organi- 
zation can  be  found  from  the  directory  at  the  front  of 
this  Year  Book.  The  Federal  Council  Commission  also  has 
"A  Plan  of  Social  Work,"  covering  the  general  field. 

ORGANIZING    THE    CHURCH    FOR    COMMUNITY 
MINISTRY. 

episcopal 

'The  success  of  social  service  work  by  the  church  at  large 
depends  ultimately  upon  the  effort  of  the  individual  parish. 
Unless  the  minister  of  the  individual  church  and  his  workers, 
men  and  women,  take  a  hand  in  actual  community  service, 
the  efforts  of  larger  units,  diocesan  or  national  social  service 
organizations,  must  go  largely  for  naught.  In  fact,  a  chief 
effort  of  these  larger  bodies  should  be  to  interest  the  individual 
parish  and  its  minister  in  the  world-wide  movement  to  improve- 
conditions  of  life  and  work  for  men,  women  and  children — 
to  insure  that  justice  in  social  and  economic  relationships  with- 
out which  political  democracy  is  but  the  shadow  of  a  dream — 
to  inaugurate  a  Kingdom  of  God  in  which,  as  the  prophets  of 
Israel  preached,  righteousness  and  justice  shall  go  hand  in 
hand,  in  which  services  and  service  shall  be  complementary. 
A  social  service  league  or  committee  in  every  parish  is  the 
desideratum,  unless  the  work  of  diocesan  and  national  organiza- 
tions is  to  halt  on  one  foot. 

97 


98     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"The  work  of  social  service  is  largely  community  service. 
The  collective  effort  by  local  forces  to  improve  conditions  of  life 
and  work  in  a  given  community  must  lie  at  the  base  of  all 
genuine  social  amelioration.  Reform  from  without — imposed 
by  state  or  national  authority  in  the  shape  of  "progressive" 
legislation  of  whatever  name — must  ultimately  fail  unless  the 
forces  of  righteousness  and  justice  in  every  city,  town,  or 
village  are  awake  to  their  responsibility  and  alive  to  their 
opportunity.  The  state  and  the  nation  may  help,  and  must  help; 
but  the  success  of  social  reform  will  ultimately  depend  on  the 
desire  and  the  determination  of  each  community  to  help  itself. 
Social  self-help— if  the  term  be  allowed — is  the  bedrock  on 
which  the  structure  of  social  progress  must  be  founded. 

"In  view  of  this  fundamental  consideration,  the  necessity  of 
stimulating  the  parish  to  the  need  and  opportunity  of  com- 
munity service  is  apparent." 

Methodist. 

"We  believe  that  all  the  organizations  of  the  local  church 
should  assume  some  definite  tasks  in  social  service. 

"The  Sunday-school  should  concern  itself  with  child  welfare, 
the  Epworth  League  with  the  general  conditions  of  life  for 
young  people,  the  Ladies'  Aid  Society  with  the  general  needs 
of  the  girls  and  women  of  the  community,  and  the  Brother- 
hood should  engage  its  men  in  civic  action  for  community 
welfare. 

"We  suggest  that  one  representative  of  the  social  service  work 
of  each  of  these  organizations  in  the  local  church  constitute, 
with  the  pastor,  a  Social  Service  Committee  to  co-ordinate  the 
various  activities  for  the  church  and  to  relate  it  to  other 
agencies  working  for  community  betterment  in  intelligent  co- 
operation." 

Congregational. 

"It  is  suggested  that  Each  Church  and  Brotherhood  have  a 
committee  to  be  known  as  'The  Committee  on  Labor  and 
Social  Service.'  Its  functions  shall  be  to  come  in  touch  with 
the  labor  forces  of  the  city;  to  become  acquainted  with  the 
local  situation;  to  bring  the  results  before  the  Church,  and 
relate  the  Church,  in  an  efficient  way,  to  the  other  agencies 
that  are  working  for  betterment.    Make  this  Committee  perma- 


Methods  and  Programs  99 

nent.  Give  its  report  consideration.  Such  a  Committee  can 
be  of  great  value  in  bringing  together  the  employers  and  em- 
ployees in  case  of  an  industrial  conflict," 

Unitarian. 

"There  must  be  wise  leaders  to  plan  and  direct  the  church's 
social  advance.  If  neither  the  minister  alone  nor  the  parish 
committee  can  be  expected  to  give  this  service  it  should  be 
entrusted  to  another  body  which  may  be  called  the  social  service 
committee  and  which  shall  be  in  effect  a  board  of  control  or 
management.  Several  churches  have  already  organized  social 
service  committees.  In  one  of  our  city  churches  a  large  number 
of  people  are  at  work  in  the  various  local  charities  and  philan- 
thropies. Some  of  them  sit  in  the  directorates  of  every  non- 
sectarian  organization  of  this  kind  in  the  city.  In  this  church 
the  social  service  committee  is  made  up  of  some  two  dozen  or 
more  men  and  women,  each  one  of  whom  represents  one  of 
these  philanthropic  institutions  or  societies.  Few  are  the  con- 
gregations where  the  members  are  so  keenly  alive  to  their 
social  obligations  as  in  this;  yet  in  almost  every  church  there 
is  a  group  of  people  who  are  engaged  in  social  work  of  some 
kind,  and  out  of  their  number  it  should  be  easy  to  choose  four 
or  five  who  together  with  the  minister  could  form  the  social 
service  committee. 

"This  committee,  however  it  may  be  constituted,  should  be 
elected  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  parish,  and  upon  it 
should  be  laid  the  full  responsibility  for  the  social  service 
work  of  the  church." 

Baptist. 

"Every  church  should  have  a  constructive  program  for  serving 
the  social  needs  of  its  community,  either  individually  or  through 
the  largest  possible  co-operation  with  other  organizations  for 
human  uplift." 

"Every  church  should  create  a  Social  Service  Committee, 
to  have  general  supervision  of  all  the  Social  Service  work. 
This  committee  should  contain  a  representative  from  the 
deacons,  the  Sunday-school,  the  Young  People's  Society,  the 
Men's  Brotherhood,  and  the  Woman's  Society,  with  the  pastor, 
exofficio,   a  member. 

"The  committee  should  organize  with  a  chairman  and  a 
secretary,   and   should   have   regular   meetings   at   least   once   a 


100     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

month.  It  should  carefully  study  the  local  situation,  the  needs 
of  the  community,  and  the  resources  of  the  church,  and  should 
have  a  definite  constructive  program.  It  should  create  such 
subcommittees  as  may  be  needed  for  special  work.  It  should 
suggest  ways  whereby  the  efforts  of  the  people  may  become 
most  effective  in  community  betterment.  It  should  have  a 
well-formulated  policy  of  Social  Service  instruction  in  and 
through  the  church.  It  should  keep  the  church  and  congrega- 
tion informed  concerning  such  matters  as  demand  their  interest 
and  effort.  It  should  co-operate  with  the  Educational  Com- 
mittee and  all  agencies  of  the  church  which  are  seeking  to 
guide  the  thought  and  to  train  the  conscience  of  the  people. 
Persons  should  be  chosen  for  membership  on  this  committee 
who  are  specially  interested  in  Social  Service  and  show  special 
fitness  for  its  work;  this  committee  is  for  action,  and  it  has 
no  place  for  merely  ornamental  and  honorary  members." 

Friends. 

"In  many  of  our  great  cities  the  electric  light  and  power 
companies  display  at  night  on  their  lofty  sky-scraper  buildings 
brilliant  electric  signs  which  flash  out  across  the  city  the  words 
'Public  Service;  Light  and  Power!'  Our  desire  is  that  all 
our  local  churches,  whether  in  city  or  country,  may  make  that 
their  motto  and  their  constant  aim;  that  they  all  may  aspire 
to  fulfill  their  double  mission  for  which  Christ  wrought  and 
for  which  he  died; — that  each  church  may  be  a  live  center  in 
the  world  for  'public  service,  light  and  power.' 

The  importance  of  putting  all  possible  church-members 
personally  to  v^ork  in  the  fiield  of  service  and  the  possibility 
of  utilizing  selected  individuals  before  a  church  can  be 
properly  organized  for  Social  Service  is  emphasized  in  all 
denominations. 

Episcopal 

"But  the  chief  desideratum  is  to  find  a  specific  task  for 
each  member  of  the  parish  who  is  competent  and  willing. 
By  bringing  him— or  her— into  actual  contact  with  social  con- 
ditions in  the  community  the  parish  church  will  perform  the 
double  service  of  rendering  aid  where  needed  and  of  educating 
its  constituency.     The   danger   to   be   guarded   against   is   that 


Methods  and  Programs  101 

of  stopping  with  the  particular  case — the  concrete  instance — 
and  not  passing  on  to  some  constructive  effort  to  better  con- 
ditions in  general.  Not  merely  to  succor  the  fallen  wayfarer, 
but  to  clear  the  road  is  the  necessity.  In  this  constructive 
effort  is  the  opportunity  for  a  community  forward  movement 
which  shall  combine  all  agencies,  secular  and  religious,  in  a 
common  campaign  to  improve  local  conditions  of  life  and  work, 
a"hd  so  help  to  make  possible  the  all-round  development, 
physical,  mental,  spiritual,  which  should  be  the  right  of  every 
man,  woman  and  child  in  the  community.  Such  a  community 
forward  movement  as  the  result  of  the  effort  of  the  individual 
parish  or  parishes  is  a  consummation  devoutly  to  be  wished." 

Methodist. 

"Social  Service  must  be  carried  out  through  organized  group 
action,  but  it  cannot  be  confined  to  organizations.  There  are 
many  personal  aspects  of  social  service  which  must  have 
emphasis.  It  will  never  be  thoroughly  social  until  it  is  genu- 
inely individual.  The  personal  aspects  of  social  service  are  the 
root  of  the  matter  from  which  spring  its  organized  expres- 
sions. It  becomes  the  duty  of  every  Christian  to  assume  some 
obligation  of  personal  service,  to  relate  himself  to  some  work 
for  the  poor,  the  sick,  the  prisoner,  the  oppressed.  The  power 
of  the  church  is  increased  by  the  activities  of  its  members 
in  local  philanthropy  and  in  all  movements  for  community 
improvement. 

•'In  these  days  of  organization,  there  is  a  dearth  of  initiative. 
The  church  must  generate  the  spirit  of  service  until  it  dominates 
men  with  a  mighty  imperative.  Such  men  will  find  something 
to  do  for  themselves.  They  will  not  wait  for  organizations. 
All  relationships  with  their  fellows  will  be  controlled  by  the 
spirit  of  service.  Like  their  Master,  they  will  stand  among 
their  fellows  in  the  community  as  those  who  serve." 

Unitarian. 

"The  last  step  in  this  process  of  putting  the  social  service 
work  of  the  churches  on  a  common-sense  business  basis  is 
to  draft  the  members  thereof  for  the  several  duties  to  be 
done,  and  if  some  of  them  do  not  know  how  to  perform  these 
duties,  to  have  them  instructed.  It  will  greatly  assist  the 
committee  in  this  detail  of  administration  if  it  will  prepare 
for   its   own  guidance   a  card  catalogue  of  the   social   service 


102     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

activities  of  the  congregation.  The  standard  library  card, 
5  inches  by  3  inches,  ruled  as  below,  is  the  best  for  this 
purpose  and  has  been  found  exceedingly  useful.  The  informa- 
tion desired  can  be  obtained  by  a  brief  questionnaire.  Some 
cards  will  be  filled  out  as  shown.    Others  will  have  something 


Brown,  Edward  N. 

272  Blank  St. 

Contributes  to 

Is  at  Work  as 

The  Associated  Charities, 

Treasurer    of    the    Children's 

Civic  League, 

Aid.      Friendly    Visitor, 

Children's  Aid  Society, 

District    No.    2    Associated 

Animal  Rescue  League. 

Charities. 

under  the  head  of  'Contributes  to,'  but  nothing  under  Ts  at 
work  as,'  and  vice  versa;  while  some  will  have  upon  them 
no  more  than  a  name  and  address.  This  card  is  of  tested 
value,  and  will  often  enable  the  committee  to  find  the  right 
person  for  a  particular  service  without  calling  upon  one  already 
overwhelmed  with  public  duties." 

COMMUNITY   STUDY. 

The  first  step  in  v^^orking  out  a  program  for  a  church 
or  a  group  of  churches  is  a  study  of  the  local  community, 
at  least  to  the  extent  of  discovering  the  amount  of  deficit 
between  local  conditions  and  the  standards  of  the  churches. 


Presbyterian, 

"When  a  railroad  company  decides  to  open  up  a  new  terri- 
tory, it  does  not  depend  merely  upon  inspiration  and  enthusiasm 
— it  sends  out  a  corps  of  engineers  to  study  soils  and  levels; 
a  master  workman  maps  out  the  entire  job,  and  in  his  mind's 
eye  sees  it  complete  before  the  first  tie  is  laid  or  the  first 
spike  driven. 

"Something  like  this  should  be  the  program  of  the  church. 
It  should   face   all  the   facts.     It   should  master  the  situation. 


Methods  and  Programs  103 

This  applies  not  only  to  the  national  problems  which  confront 
the  church,  but  the  local  problems  which  perplex  the  individual 
pastor. 

"The  logical  order  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  the  church 
is:  first,  know  the  facts;  second,  organize  the  work  in  view 
of  the  facts  discovered ;  third,  make  known  the  work  to  the 
public." 

Congregational. 

"To  know  the  facts  relating  to  our  own  city  and  community 
often  indicates  a  way  by  which  abuses  and  evils  can  be 
cured.  The  greatest  essential  then  is  that  Christian  people  shall 
know   conditions." 

Baptist. 

"That  the  best  results  may  be  attained,  it  is  necessary  that 
there  be  a  careful  study  of  the  community.  By  this  means, 
we  will  know  what  are  the  things  that  hurt  the  lives  of  our 
fellows  and  hinder  the  community's  progress;  and  we  will  also 
know  what  are  the  forces  and  factors  for  good  that  already 
exist  and  are  available." 

Episcopal. 

"That  we  may  work  intelligently  and  successfully  we  must 
know  the  conditions  that  exist  and  the  obstacles  we  have  to 
overcome.  We  must  know  too,  the  various  forces  and  factors 
that  are  at  work  in  the  city,  and  must  learn  how  to  mobilize 
and  direct  them." 

Methodist. 

"Study  its  needs.  They  will  determine  what  ought  to  be 
done.  You  may  be  able  to  interest  a  group  of  people  in  a 
study  class.  We  can  suggest  courses  and  supply  a  schedule 
for  taking  a  bird's-eye  view  of  your  community  conditions." 

Methodist. 

"We  recommend  that  every  Methodist  preacher  study  the 
social  needs  of  his  community  and  lead  his  church  into  a 
fninistry,  co-operating  with  other  agencies,  to  meet  those  com- 
munity needs.  Experience  has  shown  that  the  mid-week  service 
can  occasionally  be  advantageously  used  for  this  purpose.     The 


104     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

attention  that  has  recently  been  given  to  the  problem  of  the 
rural  church  and  community  makes  it  possible  for  every  church 
no  matter  where  located,  to  enter  into  this  wider  ministry." 

Episcopal. 

"The  method,  then,  is  first  to  find  out  what  your  community 
needs  and  then  to  look  about  for  possibilities  of  co-operation 
with  secular  agencies  which  have  the  experience  and  technical 
knowledge." 

Unitarian. 

"The  first  step  is  for  a  church  to  make  a  careful  study  of 
the  social  and  moral  conditions  in  the  community  where  it  is 
established.  A  business  house  which  proposed  to  open  up 
trade  relations  with  South  America  would  study  very  thoroughly 
the  habits  and  customs  and  needs  of  the  countries  which  it 
intended  to  enter;  and  so  a  church  which  has  made  up  its 
mind  that  it  will  try  at  least  to  do  its  full  duty  in  the  com- 
munity must  study  the  conditions  and  needs  of  the  people 
around  it  before  it  makes  any  plans  or  begins  any  work. 
What  it  shall  do  will  depend  on  what  it  finds.  It  may  dis- 
cover that  there  is  a  foreign  population  at  its  doors,  alien  in 
speech  and  manner  of  life,  living  in  foul  and  unsanitary  dwell- 
ings. It  may  learn  that  young  women  are  employed  in  the 
shops  and  factories  at  wages  so  small  that  it  is  impossible 
for  many  of  them  to  provide  themselves  with  all  the  neces- 
saries of  a  clean  and  wholesome  life.  It  may  find  that  boys 
and  girls  are  going  to  the  dogs  because  there  is  no  other  place 
for  them  to  go,  that  the  idle  and  vicious  are  being  supported 
by  the  kindly  disposed  and  gullible  public,  that  children  are 
being  neglected,  that  the  sick  are  not  properly  cared  for,  that 
the  poor  are  being  oppressed,  that  the  town  is  being  expensively 
misgoverned,  and  that  a  dozen  other  conditions  obtain,  all 
equally  dangerous  to  health  and  morals  and  happiness." 

Methodist. 

"The  next  thing  is  to  know  what  agencies  are  at  work  to 
meet  the  need  of  the  community  and  how  they  are  doing  it. 
An  effective  piece  of  work  is  a  little  directory,  for  the  pocket 
or  telephone  desk,  of  the  various  agencies  in  the  community 
that  will  co-operate  in  caring  for  poverty,  sickness  or  delin- 
quency, or  in  meeting  any  civic  or  social  emergency.     In  small 


Methods  and  Programs  105 

communities  a  chart  can  be  made  and  placed  on  the  wall  of 
the  church.  An  effective  chart  to  reveal  the  needs  of  the 
community  to  the  churches  puts  in  one  column  the  various 
fields  of  social  service — child  welfare,  charities,  health,  labor, 
immigrants,  the  prisoner,  law  enforcement,  civics;  the  second 
column  lists  "agencies  at  work"  in  the  community  in  each  of 
these  fields;  the  third  column  states  urgent  needs  in  each  field, 
that  is,  the  needs  that  are  crying  to  be  met,  notwithstanding 
the  work  of  existing  agencies." 

For  the  purpose  of  a  brief  community  study  a  pamphlet 
"What  Every  Church  Should  Know  About  Its  Own  Com- 
munity," may  be  obtained  from  the  Federal  Council  of 
Churches  or  from  denominational  offices.  The  Baptist  office 
has  a  Civic  Program  and  a  Town  Program.  The  appendix  to 
the  Episcopal  leaflet,  "A  Social  Service  Program  for  the 
Parish"  presents  "An  Outline  for  the  study  of  local  con- 
ditions." The  Unitarian  Association  has  a  pamphlet,  "Know- 
ing One's  Own  Community." 

For  carrying  on  a  detailed  study  or  a  thorough  survey, 
aid  should  be  secured  from  the  denominational  offices.  If 
thorough  community  survey  is  contemplated,  enlisting  all 
the  forces  of  the  community,  the  Department  of  Surveys 
and  Exhibits,  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  31  Union  Square, 
New  York  City,  should  be  consulted. 


EDUCATIONAL  ACTIVITIES. 

To  develop  and  increase  interest  in  the  church,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  community  study  various  activities  are  sug- 
gested. 

Baptist. 

The  Social  Service  Library. — "One  of  the  first  things  for  a 
church  to  do  is  to  create  a  select  library  of  Social  Service 
literature.  By  having  such  a  library  in  the  church,  Social  Ser- 
vice literature  can  always  be  available  and  can  be  brought  directly 
to  the  attention  of  the  people." 

"Lists  of  books  for  this  purpose  are  issued  by  the  denomina- 
tions and  by  the  Federal  Council." 


106     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


STUDY    CLASSES    AND   DISCUSSION    GROUPS. 

"The  church  itself,  as  well  as  its  various  agencies  and  depart- 
ments, should  have  some  definite  plans  for  Social  Study.  It 
would  be  a  mistake  for  any  church  in  any  of  its  departments 
to  use  Social  Study  lessons  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others. 
But  it  would  be  as  great  a  mistake  to  give  attention  to  various 
other  lines  of  study  to  the  exclusion  of  direct  Social  Study. 

"For  the  Church.  We  suggest  a  division  of  subjects  as  fol- 
lows :  One  Sunday  in  each  month  to  be  given  to  the  Christian 
life  in  its  sources,  its  ideals,  its  development  and  growth;  one 
Sunday  in  each  month  to  be  given  to  Christian  doctrines, 
dealing  with  the  church,  its  history,  its  faith,  its  work,  etc.; 
one  Sunday  in  each  month  to  be  devoted  to  Missions — city, 
home  and  foreign;  one  Sunday  in  each  month  to  be  devoted 
to  Social  Service  in  some  of  the  many  phases  and  claims. 

"This  schedule  will  enable  the  pastor  and  church  to  pre- 
serve the  balance  in  Christian  thought  and  activity;  it  will 
also  promote  systematic  study,  which  is  now  so  sadly  lacking 
in  many  churches. 

"The  'Social  Service  Year'  suggests  some  timely  and  vital 
topics  which  may    form   a   basis    for   social   study   and   effort. 

"Social  Studies  for  Adult  Classes  and  Brotherhoods.  The 
Church  to  be  fully  efficient  in  its  educational  work  must  in- 
terpret the  great  principles  of  the  gospel  in  their  relation  to 
life  and  society,  and  the  church  no  less  must  lead  the  people 
to  apply  these  principles  to  all  the  problems  of  our  complex 
social  life.  That  this  may  be  done,  something  more  is  needed 
than  the  present  unsystematic  methods." 

Episcopal. 

"Organization  for  service  is,  however,  in  itself  inadequate 
to  the  task.  Without  the  more  fundamental  work  of  education 
no  lasting  result  can  be  achieved.  The  work  of  education 
includes,  of  course,  instruction  given  to  adult  workers  in  the 
form  of  sermons,  special  addresses,  conferences,  study  classes, 
teachers'  training  classes,  and  the  like." 

Methodist. 

"Some  pastors  have  adopted  the  social  service  month,  devot- 
ing that  period  exclusively  to  the  presentation  of  the  social 
aspects  of  the  gospel  and  the  social  duty  of  the  church,  other 


Methods  and  Programs  107 

months  being  given  to  the  other  aspects  of  church  life  and 
policy.  Some  have  adopted  the  social  service  year,  putting  a 
definite  social  topic  once  a  month  in  each  of  the  church  meet- 
ings. Others  have  socialized  the  prayer  meeting  by  devoting 
a  certain  number  of  its  sessions  to  the  consideration  of  com- 
munity needs  from  the  standpoint  of  Christian  duty." 

Episcopal. 

"There  are  various  ways  and  means  to  arouse  interest  in 
social  service.  There  is  the  social  service  class,  meeting  regu- 
larly— on  Sunday  or  other  day — to  discuss  the  social  problem 
in  general  and  with  special  reference  to  community  needs. 
There  is  the  conference  on  social  topics  for  more  popular 
appeal :  it  may  be  held  at  the  close  of  the  Sunday  evening 
service,  and  be  open  to  all  who  are  interested,  whether  they 
desire  to  attend  the  service  or  not.  The  conference  thus  serves 
as  a  community  forum,  where  specialists  invited  from  out- 
side may  present  various  phases  of  the  social  problem,  and 
an  opportunity  may  be  given  for  informal  discussion.  A  parish 
social  service  library  is  also  desirable — a  small  but  carefully 
selected  lot  of  books  of  mterest  to  the  Christian  citizen,  who 
may  not  own  them  or  be  able  to  get  them  from  a  community 
library.  Visits  to  various  social  institutions  and  schools  may 
also  serve  to  arouse  interest  and  give  valuable  information." 

Congregational. 

"Establish  a  class  where  the  subjects  of  discussion  shall 
be  questions  relating  to  Social  Welfare.  Wherever  feasible, 
establish  an  open  forum  where  the  subjects  presented  by  the 
speaker  may  be  discussed  freely  by  those  present/' 

"Make  some  one  of  the  great  subjects  that  are  before  the 
American  public  to-day  the  topic  of  discussion  in  a  mid- 
week meeting  every  little  while.  We  would  indicate  such  sub- 
jects as  Wages,  Child  Labor,  Housing  Conditions,  Juvenile 
Delinquency,  Courts  of  Justice.  These  will  suggest  others  to 
the  wide-awake  churchmen." 

Methodist. 

"Many  young  people  who  cannot  be  induced  to  join  a  study 
class    may   yet   be    enlisted    in   a    reading    course,    especially    if 


108     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

those  who  are  reading  the  books  in  the  course  are  gathered 
together  occasionally  for  a  social  hour  and  for  discussion.  Every 
Chapter  of  the  Epworth  League  should  have  its  own  social 
service  library,  so  that  the  books  may  be  passed  around  freely. 
A  list  of  books  can  be  supplied,  which  cannot  fail  to  catch 
and  hold  the  interest  of  young  people,  because  they  deal  with 
typical  American  conditions  from  an  intimate,  personal  stand- 
point. 

"To  supplement  this  group  and  class  study,  a  course  of  five 
or  six  addresses  can  be  arranged  for  the  Sunday  evening  devo- 
tional service,  these  addresses  to  deal  with  various  aspects  of 
Social  Service. 

"Another  popular  form  of  education  which  can  be  made 
use  of  is  the  Open  Forum  for  the  presentation  of  community 
issues.  At  this  meeting,  representatives  of  various  groups  in 
the  community  may  be  heard  at  first  hand,  and  the  question 
and  answer  form  of  communication  may  be  used  to  establish 
a  closer  sympathy  between  speaker  and  audience," 

"The  person  who  can  get  together  individuals  from  various 
social  groups  or  even  individuals  within  churches  or  a  church 
to  frankly  face  some  pressing  local  need  or  some  fundamental 
social  issue  is  performing  a  vital  service.  This  is  sometimes 
done  by  planning  for  a  Social  Service  Institute.  Thus  theories 
can  be  judged  at  first  hand  and  the  prejudice  and  bitterness 
that   comes   from  misrepresentation  will  be  avoided. 

"A  more  permanent  and  effective  form  of  the  same  service 
is  the  organization  of  an  Open  Forum  for  the  discussion  of 
community  issues  and  of  general  social  and  industrial  ques- 
tions. In  all  industrial  centers  there  are  groups  in  the  popu- 
lation whose  lines  of  thought  never  cross.  In  times  of  indus- 
trial dispute  a  bitter  price  is  paid  for  this  lack  of  contact. 
Men  whose  interests  tend  to  place  them  on  opposite  sides 
of  industrial  questions  need  to  look  into  each  other's  faces 
and  talk  together.  In  some  cities  a  common  mind  and  con- 
science IS  being  developed  in  an  Open  Forum,  meeting  weekly 
for  the  frank  discussion  of  vital  questions.  The  best  form  is 
an  address  followed,  not  by  debate,  but  by  questions  from 
the  audience." 

Suggestions  for  topics  for  discussion  groups  and  for 
church  meetings  of  all  kinds  are  contained  in  the  Baptist 
leaflet,  "Social  Suggestions  for  Program  Makers.'*  The 
various  denominational  offices  have  lists  of  speakers  avail- 


Methods  and  Programs  109 

able  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  The  Social  Service 
Commission  of  the  Inter-Church  Federation  of  Philadelphia 
has  compiled  a  list  of  local  social  workers  who  will  speak 
in  the  churches. 


CORRESPONDENCE   COURSES. 

To  increase  the  efificiency  of  both  the  pastor  and  the  lay 
social  worker,  some  of  the  denominations  are  furnishing 
correspondence  courses  in  social  service  studies. 

Congregational. 

"The  Labor  and  Social  Service  Department  of  the  Congre- 
gational Brotherhood  recommends  the  following  courses  of 
study  for  ministers  and  members  of  our  churches.  This  course 
can  also  be  made  the  regular  class  work  of  groups  interested 
in  the  social  problems. 

"This  course  provides  for  three  years'  study  and  is  more 
than  a  reading  course.  The  department  will  undertake  to 
guide  the  student,  assign  the  lessons,  and  conduct  the  examina- 
tions. 

"The  course  embraces  four  books  for  each  year.  There  are 
also  three  books  given  as  electives  for  each  year.  Any  one 
of  these  books  in  the  elective  course  may  be  substituted  for 
any  one  of  the  books  in  the  prescribed  course. 

"It  is  optional  with  the  student  as  to  how  much  or  how 
little  of  the  course  he  takes  in  one  year.  The  three  years* 
work  can  be  completed  in  one  year  by  reading  one  book  a 
month. 

'As  a  minimum  the  department  suggests  four  books  a 
year  or  one  year's  work  within  the  prescribed  time  limits. 
This  can  be  easily  done  by  the  average  man  or  woman. 

"A  list  of  books  for  advance  study  is  also  given  and  also 
a  list  of  helpful  biographies  of  those  eminent  in  the  social 
movement  of  our  time. 

"Any  student  interested  in  special  phases  of  the  social 
problems  will  be  gladly  aided  in  his  study  by  the  department, 
and  such  special  courses  as  may  be  desired  will  be  outlined 
upon  request. 

"Registration  fee  for  the  course,  $i.oo.  Cost  of  course, 
$2  per  year — making  a  total  of  $7  for  the  entire  course. 


110     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"The  cost  for  the  three  years'  courses  including  registra- 
tion fee,  will  be  $5  if  paid  in  advance. 

"A  suitable  and  attractive  diploma  will  be  awarded  to  all 
who   satisfactorily   complete  the   course." 

Presbyterian, 

"Perhaps  the  most  critical  period  of  a  preacher's  experience 
is  during  the  fourth  or  fifth  year  of  his  ministry,  when  he 
has  been  disillusioned  about  some  pet  theories,  and  when 
he  has  come  to  face  the  really  big  problems  of  life.  Just 
then  he  needs  to  get  a  fresh  grip  upon  himself.  He  will 
probably  never  do  it  by  running  away,  for  folks  are  folks 
wherever  you  find  them,  and  the  task  will  no  doubt  be  just 
as  difficult  in  the  next  field. 

"It's  a  question  of  mastering  the  field,  and  meeting  the 
situation— as  it  is.  No  doubt  a  post-graduate  course  in  prac- 
tical Christianity,  sometimes  called  'sociology,'  might  help; 
but  it's  too  far  away — both  the  school  and  the  money.  We 
have  a  Correspondence  Course  in  Applied  Christianity  which 
will  at  least  give  a  new  outlook  upon  the  task,  and  hun- 
dreds of  men — and  a  few  women-^'have  been  greatly  bene- 
fited by  taking  it.  We  will  indicate  to  you  how  you  may 
become  the  master  of  your  work.  The  lessons  are  free  from 
technical  terms  and  no  previous  knowledge  of  social  science 
is  necessary.  We  seek  to  have  the  student  see  his  problem 
from  the  most  practical  standpoint,  so  that  he  may  immedi- 
ately apply  the  knowledge  which  he  has  acquired.  The  course 
does  not  cost  much  money— five  dollars  includes  the  text-books 
and  the  studies.  There  is  personal  supervision  of  the  lessons, 
and  if  there's  a  special  problem  in  your  own  field,  our 
specialists  will  assist  you  in  working  it  out.  There  are  courses 
on  the  city,  the  country  field,  and  on  church  advertising. 
Other  courses  will  be  added.  Write  to  headquarters  for  ex- 
planatory literature.  Other  denominations  are  also  planning 
correspondence  courses." 

THE   SUNDAY-SCHOOL. 

The  necessity  of  educational  preparation  for  social  ser- 
vice in  the  churches  is  leading  to  its  emphasis  in  the  Sun- 
day-school, both  in  the  curriculum  and  in  practical  activi- 
ties. 


Methods  and  Programs  111 

Episcopal. 

"Social  instruction  in  the  Sunday-school  involves  an  exposi- 
tion of  the  social  implications  of  the  Bible,  especially  of  the 
Old  Testament  prophets  and  the  Gospels  It  involves  also 
the  presentation  at  least  to  the  more  mature  pupils  of  sig- 
nificant phases  of  our  contemporary  social  problem  and  of 
methods  of  social  service.  It  involves  further  the  working 
out  of  some  kind  of  system  which  will  enable  Sunday-school 
pupils  of  various  ages  to  render  at  least  an  elementary  kind 
of  social  service.  Certain  efforts  in  this  direction  have  already 
been  made.  It  is  hoped  that  during  the  coming  year  co-opera- 
tion between  the  Commission  and  the  General  Board  of 
Religious  Education  may  result  in  the  preparation  of  a  Sun- 
day-school curriculum  which  shall  make  adequate  provision 
for    social    instruction    and    social    activity. 

"Here,  it  v^ould  seem,  we  have  a  long-sought  opportunity 
for  bridging  the  present  gap  between  the  Sunday-school  and 
the  Church.  The  reason  why  so  many  of  our  Sunday-school 
pupils,  of  late  years  especially,  have  gone  out  from  the  Sun- 
day-school at  a  comparatively  immature  age  and  have  at  the 
same  time  failed  to  graduate  into  the  Church  and  its  activi- 
ties is  perhaps  because  we  have  not  been  making  the  most 
of  the  altruistic  impulses  of  adolescence.  Methods  of  and 
equipment  for  religious  instruction  are  being  revolutionized 
in  accordance  with  pedagogical  principles  worked  out  in 
secular  education.  The  subject-matter  of  the  Sunday-school  cur- 
riculum, however,  has  until  recently  remained  untouched.  We 
have  not  been  presenting  with  sufficient  concreteness  the 
Christian  challenge  to  service.  The  appeal  to  our  boys  and 
girls  has  been  rather  too  academic;  it  has  emphasized  the 
individual  to  the  exclusion  of  the  social  aspect  of  Christianity; 
it  has  not  vitally  related  itself  to  the  needs  of  the  modern 
community.  Just  how  far  the  readjustment  can  go  is  of 
course  an  open  question ;  discretion  will  have  to  be  used.  The 
fact  remains,  however,  that  here  is  an  opportunity  of  taking 
the  boy  and  girl  out  from  the  Sunday-school  into  the  com- 
munity life.  The  modern  social  movement,  as  we  know,  is 
due  in  great  measure  to  the  enthusiasm  of  young  men  and 
young  women;  this  enthusiasm  they  have  developed  under  the 
influence  not  so  much  of  the  Church  as  of  secular  agencies 
engaged  in  social  work.  It  is  time  indeed  that  our  Church 
and    other    communions    throughout   the   land    should    make    a 


112     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

consistent  attempt  to  relate  at  least  the  older  boys  and  girls 
to  the  service  of  the  community  in  which  a  given  parish  finds 
itself." 

Methodist. 

"One  of  the  great  words  of  modern  education  is,  learn 
by  doing.'  Our  students  now  work  in  the  laboratory,  the 
shop  and  the  field.  In  the  Sunday-school,  where  not  knowl- 
edge but  life  is  the  objective  point,  it  is  of  supreme  importance 
that  religion  shall  be  expressed  in  action.  It  is  not  suffi- 
cient that  the  curriculum  of  the  Sunday-school  should  have 
a  social  aim.  The  school  itself  must  be  organized  for  actual 
social  service.  This  should  be,  not  the  mere  expression  of 
particular  lessons,  but  one  aspect  of  the  united  life  of  the 
school;  every  school  that  organizes  its  group  life  for  definite 
ends,  such  as  the  support  of  missions  and  other  general  church 
agencies  as  well  as  for  local  social  service,  is  thereby  train- 
ing all  its  pupils  in  the  social  expression  of  religion.  With- 
out some  means  of  expressing  religion  in  social  action,  no 
matter  how  complete  the  curriculum  otherwise,  the  school 
is  educationally  deficient.  Therefore  every  efficient  school  will 
have  a  definite  plan  of  social  service  work,  which  will  relate 
the  whole  life  of  the  school  to  some  local  community  need. 
This  work  will  be  co-ordinated  by  a  social  service  committee 
representing  the  various  departments,  and  will  be  continually 
kept  before  the  attention  of  the  school  in  programs,  reports 
and  assignments  of  duties.  In  it,  every  class  will  have  some 
clearly  defined  part.  This,  however,  leaves  individual  classes 
free  to  take  up  some  particular  piece  of  social  service  work 
on  their  own  initiative,  and  these  class  efi"orts  can,  from  time 
to  time,  be  reported  to  the  entire  school  and  thus  add  impetus 
to  the  general  plan. 

"There  is  no  department  of  the  church  which  has  a  heavier 
responsibility  or  a  larger  opportunity  for  the  Christianizing 
of  the  social  order  than  the  Sunday-school.  The  social  ser- 
vice movement  looks  to  the  Sunday-school  to  train  a  gen- 
eration of  Christians  who  will  see  the  social  goal  of  Chris- 
tianity, with  the  vision  of  Jesus  and  so  will  have  both  a 
social  consciousness  and  a  social  conscience,  animated  by  the 
religious  motive.  It  is  the  Sunday-school  teacher's  opportunity 
to  develop  the  natural  instinct  of  childhood  to  help  others 
until  it  becomes  the  passion  for  service;  to  unfold  the  religious 


Methods  and  Programs  113 

nature  of  social  and  civic  duties,  the  divine  values  in  human 
relationships,  until  a  religious  experience  is  developed  that 
covers  the  whole   of   life. 

"The  first  social  service  opportunity  of  the  teacher  lies  in 
the  social  interpretation  and  application  of  the  lesson.  Hav- 
ing secured  the  general  social  background  of  the  lesson,  the 
teacher's  individual  contribution  will  be  to  apply  it  to  local 
conditions  and  needs.  Just  because  the  social  life  of  the  child 
up  to  twelve  years  of  age  centers  so  largely  in  the  home, 
there  is  the  supreme  opportunity  at  this  period  to  extend 
those  relationships,  on  the  same  basis,  to  the  community  as 
the  larger  family,  thus  saving  children  from  that  selfish,  self- 
centered  and  house-centered  life  which  is  the  cause  of  much 
of  our  community  weakness." 

Unitarian. 

"An  important  factor  in  holding  the  interest  of  the  young 
people  in  our  churches  is  organization  for  Social  Service. 
It  is  true  that  the  note  of  service  is  clearly  sounded  in  young 
people's  meetings  of  all  denominatiOiUs,  but  rarely  widi  a 
steadiness  of  tone  to  command  constant  attention  and  re- 
sponse. Spasmodic  efforts  have  no  place  in  the  Church  School, 
which  at  best  can  secure  comparatively  small  allotments  of 
time  for  its  various  activities.  Efficiency  in  Social  Service 
requires  well-considered  plans  for  progressive  and  related  ef- 
fort. The  subject  of  morals  is  so  intimately  connected  with 
that  of  service  that  the  importance  of  efficiency  as  an  ideal 
is  clear.  There  should  be  careful  organization  from  the 
youngest  groups  of  children  to  the  oldest,  not  only  for  the 
sake  of  the  good  cause  to  be  served,  but  for  the  distinct  pur- 
pose of  arousing  and  sustaining  in  young  people  an  interest 
in  the  world  outside  of  self.  The  church  should  welcome  the 
children  into  a  definite  progressive  work  for  humanity  no 
school  of  the  church  being  complete  without  a  carefully  ar- 
ranged plan  for  Social  Service." 

SUGGESTED  PROGRAMS. 

The  kinds  of  social  service  activities  which  will  be 
developed  by  local  churches  and  groups  of  churches  are 
indicated  in  the  following  suggested  programs: 


114     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Methodist. 

"When  the  church  sees  the  community  in  all  its  organized 
life  as  the  object  of  redemption,  then  the  church  will  fol- 
low the  pastor  in  the  development  of  a  community  program 
which  will  become  an  integral  part  of  the  life  of  the  church, 
will  continue  regardless  of  change  of  pastors,  and  will  be 
one  of  the  lasting  things  a  man  may  leave  behind  him.  This 
program  may  be  confined  at  first  to  a  minimum ;  the  things 
the  church  will  work  for  and  if  need  be  fight  for,  in  order 
to  get  proper  community  treatment  of  the  poor,  the  sick,  the 
prisoner,  the  immigrant,  the  industrial  worker.  Inevitably  the 
program  will  enlarge  itself  until  it  also  defines  religious  stand- 
ards for  the  community  life — its  health  and  housing,  child 
welfare,  transportation,  recreation,  government  and  industry. 
To  outline  such  a  program  is  to  interpret  religion  to  the 
community  as  well  as  to  the  church.  To  carry  out  such  a 
program  is  to  reveal  God  in  power  to  modern  life. 

"The  organization  of  the  church  for  the  carrying  out  of 
this  program  means  the  gradual  development  of  social  service 
activities  in  each  church  society;  then  the  co-ordination  of 
the  whole  under  the  direction  of  a  social  service  committee 
representing  each  society." 


Baptist. 

"i.  Careful  teaching  by  the  churches  of  the  social  duties  of 
man. 

"2.  Systematic  development  of  the  educational  agencies  of 
the  churches. 

"3.  Careful  training  of  lives  for  life  and  service  in  the 
kingdom   of   God. 

"4.  The   creation   of   an   informed   and   militant   conscience. 

"5.  Making  the   church   a  true   social   center. 

"6.  The  federation  of  the  churches  and  co-operation  in  the 
work  of  city  saving. 

"7.  Such  comity  and  co-operation  as  shall  prevent  the  need- 
less duplication  of  churches  in  cities  and  towns. 

"8.  The  investigation  by  the  churches  of  city  conditions  and 
community  needs. 

"i.  Regular,  systematic,  and  positive  instruction  by  the  church 
on  the  meaning  and  obligation  of  the  home. 

"2.  The  right  of  every  child  to  be  well  born. 


Methods  and  Programs  115 

"3.  Home   training   for   social   living. 

"4.  The  single  standard  of  purity. 

"5.  The  teaching  of  sex  hygiene. 

"6.  Uniform  divorce  laws,  and  stricter  regulation  of  mar- 
riage. 

"7.  Sanitary  homes  and  tenements;  regular  and  systematic 
inspection  of  tenements. 

"8.  The  abolition  of  overcrowding,  and  the  guarantee  of 
sufficient   room    for   health   and   decency. 

"9.  The  preservation  of  the  home  against  industrial  inva- 
sion. 

"10.  The  education  of  men  and  women  for  marriage  and 
parenthood." 

Epriscopal. 

"The  principles  which  should  govern  the  parish  in  relating 
itself  helpfully  to  the  solution  of  social  problems  are  roughly 
as    follows : 

"i.  To  study  community  problems  and  formulate  a  careful 
and  intelligent  plan  of  action  with  the  twofold  aim  of  elimi- 
nating bad,  and  bringing  about  good  conditions,  emphasis  to 
be  laid  upon  constructive,  rather  than  upon  mere  preventive  ef- 
fort. 

"2.  To  co-operate  in  such  action,  where  possible,  with  other 
local  congregations  of  any  denomination,  and  with  all  intelli- 
gent and  well-administered  social  agencies,  public  and  private, 
in  such  a  way  as  to  benefit  by  the  knowledge  and  experience 
of  these  secular  agencies,  and  to  give  them  needed  assistance, 
while  at  the  same  time  leaving  to  them  what  they  are  equipped 
to  do,  and  avoiding  unnecessary  duplication  of  effort. 

"3.  To  provide  for  the  members  of  the  parish,  young  and 
old,  elementary  instruction  and  courses  of  study  in  social  ques- 
tions, and  to  furnish  opportunity  for  practical  individual  train- 
ing in  service  through  co-operation  with  recognized  social  agen- 
cies of  the  community. 

"4.  To  proclaim  the  necessity  of  pure  and  honest  administra- 
tion of  community  affairs  through  the  choice  of  clean,  strong 
men  for  office,  and  to  bring  to  bear  on  legislation  and  public 
policies  the  test  of  Christian  principles.  Such  co-operation,  di- 
rect or  indirect,  with  the  state  may  take  the  form,  on  occasion, 
of  endorsement  of  competent  and  honest  officials,  whether  of 
municipal  or  of  state  administrations,  and  the  corresponding 
condemnation  of  incompetent  and  dishonest  officials. 


116     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"S.  To  insist  that  the  local  press  shall,  so  far  as  possible, 
be  conducted  on  a  basis  of  regard  for  the  common  weal,  rather 
than  of  selfish  exploitation  of  news  and  the  direct  or  indirect 
support  of  corrupt  politics  and  politicians." 

Unitarian. 

"The  Unitarian  churches  in  particular  have  always  declared 
that  religion  is  not  the  acceptance  of  a  creed  nor  the  observ- 
ance of  a  form,  but  a  life  of  service  and  good  will.  They  have 
pleaded  for  the  application  of  religious  principles  to  practical 
affairs,  and  they  have  been  pre-eminent  in  promoting  philan- 
thropies and  reforms.  The  obligation  to  continue  and  enlarge 
these  endeavors  is  clear  and  positive.  As  the  exemplars  of  a 
religion  of  every-day  life,  and  as  the  prophets  of  democratic 
idealism,  the  Unitarian  churches  must  resolutely  meet  and  use 
the  new  occasions  that  now  teach  new  duties. 

"The  social  service  which  the  churches  can  render,  either  as 
organizations  or  through  their  members,  is  of  three  kinds: 
(i)  The  relief  of  suffering;  (2)  the  prevention  of  poverty, 
disease,  crime,  and  industrial  or  international  warfare;  and  (3) 
the  promotion  of  constructive  social  reform." 

Unitarian. 

The  national  committees  w^orking  in  special  fields  recom- 
mend a  program  to  the  local  church  covering  the  fol- 
lowing questions: 

Civil  Service  Reform;  Conservation  of  National  Re- 
sources; Health  and  Sanitation;  Housing  Reform;  Immi- 
gration; Industrial  and  Vocational  Education;  International 
Arbitration;  Labor  Legislation;  Marriage  and  Divorce; 
Prison  Reform;  Public  Recreation;  Rural  Conditions;  Sex 
Education  and  Hygiene;  Standards  of  Living  and  Labor; 
Taxation;  Temperance;  Industrial  Disputes  and  Arbitra- 
tion;  Child  Welfare, 

A    REASONABLE    PROGRAM    FOR    THE    INDIVIDUAL    CHURCH. 

Recommended  by  the  Committees  of  the  Men  and  Religion 
Forward  Movement  in  New  York  City. 


Methods  and  Programs  117 

"i.  Have  a  Committee  on  Social  Service,  of  not  less  than 
five  men,  the  Chairman  of  which  shall  represent  the  church  in 
the  District  Social  Service  Committee;  this  Committee  to  serve 
also  as  a  Committee  on  legislative  action. 

"2.  Make  a  list  of  all  Social  Service  work  being  done  by 
your  members,  men  and  women,  in  the  church  and  community. 
For  this  purpose  blanks  may  be  secured  from  the  Federation 
of    Churches. 

"3.  Make  a  list  of  all  members  of  your  church  ready  to  en- 
gage in  particular  tasks  of  Social  Service. 

"4.  Begin  now  to  interest  the  members  of  the  Social  Service 
Committee  and  all  others  ready  to  undertake  Social  Service, 
to  attend  the  Social  Service  Institutes,  which  will  be  held  in 
the   immediate   neighborhood   of  your   church   next   fall. 

"5.  Invite  representatives  of  labor  and  of  various  forms  of 
social  work  to  speak  at  appropriate  meetings   in  your  church. 

"6.  Open  your  church  to  meetings  under  the  auspices  of  labor 
organizations,  social  agencies  and  committees  for  benevolent 
enterprises. 

"7.  Use,  if  possible,  in  men's  classes  or  other  meetings  of 
men  The  Gospel  of  the  Kingdom,'  published  by  The  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Social  Service,  or  some  other  suitable  study 
of  the  social  teachings  of  the   Bible. 

"8.  Co-operate  with  the  charitable  agencies  in  your  district. 

"g.  Assume  full  responsibility  for  a  definite  area  of  your 
neighborhood  in  a  co-operative  parish  work,  making  this  assumed 
area  your  immediate  task.  The  responsibility  area  should  be 
assigned,  wherever  possible,  to  each  church  by  a  committee 
representing  all  the  churches  of  the  district. 

"10.  Know  the  injurious  agencies  of  social  life  in  your  re- 
sponsibility area  and  neighborhood,  such  as  the  saloon,  dance 
hall,  picture  show,  theater,  etc.,  and  keep  watch  that  they  do 
not  violate  the  law.  A  map  of  these  agencies  will  be  found  very 
helpful. 

"11.  Make  larger  use  of  the  church  building  as  a  neighbor- 
hood center. 

"12.  Encourage  your  minister  in  his  effort  to  realize  the  so- 
cial mission  of  the  church  freeing  him  from  other  cares  that 
he  may  work  for  social  betterment. 

"13.  Enlist  men  for  some  specific  social  service,  as  they  be- 
come  members   of   the   church. 

"14.  Study  carefully  the  Social  Service  charts  made  for  the 
Eight  Day  Campaign,  also  the  recommendations  of  the  Social 
Service  experts  of  the  team,  and  the  findings  and  recommenda- 


118     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

tions  contained  in  the  report  of  the  Borough  Committee  on 
Social  Service,  all  of  which  are  to  be  seen  at  the  offices  of  the 
Federation  of  Churches. 

"15.  Invite  the  Social  Service  Secretary  to  co-operate  with 
your  church  in  a  careful  study  of  its  field,  opportunities  and 
responsibilities,  and  in  devising  plans  and  the  organizations 
necessary  to  fulfill  the  function  of  the  church  in  the  life  of  the 
community. 

"16.  Arrange  for  occasional  meetings  with  the  other  churches 
in  your  local  district,  for  consultation  as  to  district  problems, 
and  hold  occasional  union  meetings  where  social  service  ques- 
tions may  be  discussed,  and  united  action  taken." 

Episcopal. 

KINDS    OF    SOCIAL    SERVICE    IN    WHICH    AN    INDUSTRIAL   COMMUNITY 
SHOULD    BE    ENGAGED. 

"i.  City-planning. 
"2.  Housing   reform ; 
"3.  Provision   of   recreation   facilities; 
"4.  Educational   reform ; 

"5.  Improvement   and   cheapening   of   transportation; 
"6.  Suppression    of   vice,   crime   and   intemperance; 
"7.  Prevention  of  industrial  diseases  and  accidents,  and  com- 
pensation therefor; 

"8.  Abolition   of   child   labor ; 
"9.  Regulation   of   woman   labor; 
"10.  Promotion   of   efficiency   of   civic   administration." 


Baptist  Suggestions  for  a  City  Program. 

THINGS    TO    BE   DONE. 

"The  following  list  suggests  a  number  of  things  to  be  done 
in  community  betterment.  No  person  can  be  equally  interested 
in  all  of  these  items.  These  things  cannot  all  be  done  in  one 
city  at  once.  But  everything  named  here  should  be  done  as 
soon  as  possible.  \Some  needs  are  more  pressing  in  some  com- 
munities than  in  others.  No  right-minded  person  willing  to  do 
something  need  be  without  a  task.  No  group  of  men  can  say 
there  is  nothing  for  them  to  do.  Many  of  the  things  mentioned 
here  are  being  done  in  some  community.     If  you  would  like 


Methods  and  Programs  119 

to  know  how  to  do  something  in  your  community,  learn  how 
it  is  being  done  in  some  other  community.  Any  effort  that 
will  help  any  life  in  any  way  is  the  translation  into  deed  of 
some   article   of   the   Christian   faith. 

"The  first  fifteen  items  are  some  of  the  things  requiring  im- 
mediate action   in  most  communities. 

''Have  regular  inspection  of  tenements,  rooming  houses  and 
hotels. 

"Have  a  good  building  code  and  maintain  standards  of  hous- 
ing conditions. 

"Have   moving  picture   and   similar   shows   well   censored. 

"See  that  dance  halls  are  regularly  inspected  and  carefully 
regulated. 

"Abolish    the    red    light    district. 

"Secure  an  ordinance  requiring  fruit  dealers,  bakers,  etc., 
to  screen  wares   from  the  flies. 

"Attend  the  juvenile  court  and  make  it  fully  efficient. 

"Have  a  city  farm  and  workhouse  for  tramps  and  short-term- 
priscners. 

"Have  probation  system  for  all  delinquents  and  intemperate 
men  and  women. 

"Co-operate  v/ith  the  workingmen  in  securing  a  Labor  Temple. 

"Secure  for  every  worker  one  day's  rest  in  seven. 

"Create   a    Public   Welfare   Commission. 

"Have  a  playground  under  proper  supervision  within  half  a 
mile    of    every    home. 

"Endeavor  to  provide  more  rational  and  social  recreation. 

"Have  a  regular  and  careful  canvass  of  the  community,  and 
keep   it  up   to   date. 

"Have  a  city  plan  and  program. 

"Visit  the  jails  frequently,  and  see  that  there  is  proper  segre- 
gation of  children  and  youths  from  adults,  with  sufficient  light 
and   cleanliness. 

"Make  a  survey  of  the  community. 

"Co-operate  sympathetically  with  the  police  in  saving  de- 
linquents, 

"Endeavor  to  make  the  city  more  beautiful  with  clean  streets. 

"Make  the  schools  more  efficient,  have  manual  training,  even- 
ing schools,  technical  schools. 

"Have  instruction  in  civics,  ethics,  in  moral  training. 

"Create  a  civic  spirit  and  a  civic  ideal. 

"Emphasize  the  place  and   work  of  the  home. 

"Teach   sex   morality   in  home   and   in    school. 

"Encourage  yard   gardening   and   window  gardens. 


120     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"Have  a  permanent  municipal  arbitration  and  conciliation  com- 
mittee. 

"Beautify  the  surroundings  of  factories,  warehouses  and  rail- 
road  stations. 

"Have   Folk   festival  and  Folk  pageants. 

"Have  university  extension  lectures  on  civics,  hygiene  and 
morals. 

"Have  free  lectures  in  school  on  life,  hygiene,  civics,  travel, 
etc. 

"Make  a  conscious  and  collective  effort  to  create  a  better 
social  atmosphere. 

"Sustain  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  the  Y.  W.  C.  A. 

"Have  well-equipped  and  convenient  reading  rooms. 

"Do  not  permit  the  boys  to  work  all  night  as  telegraph  mes- 
sengers. 

"Endeavor  to  secure  a  satisfactory  workingmen's  compen- 
sation law. 

"Have  a  joint  registration  bureau  in  the  city. 

"Provide  coffee  and  recreation  and  rest  rooms  for  men  and 
women. 

"Provide  public  comfort  stations  wherever  they  are  needed. 

"Organize  a  city  club   for  the   discussion   of   current  topics. 

"Organize  the  men  of  good  will  for  a  better  city  adminis- 
tration. 

"Organize  and  sustain  a  federation  of  the  churches. 

"See  that  there  is  no  needless  duplication  of  churches. 

"Make  sure  that  the  entire  city  is  well  churched. 

"Have  a  regular  system  of  organized  benevolence. 

"Make   the   churches    true    social    centers. 

"Make  the  community  more  sanitary,  wholesome  and  moral. 

"Make   a   good   community   for   those   who   come   after   us." 

Definite  Opportunities  for  Social  Service  in  New  York, 
by  Churchmen;  suggested  by  the  laity  league  for  social 
SERVICE.     This  is  only  a  partial  list. 
Recreation  and  the  Recreation  Commission: 

It  would  be  valuable  for  the  men  of  the  churches  to 

study  the  recreational  needs  of  the  City  and  to   follow 

closely  the  work  of  this  commission. 
Volunteer  Work  in  the  Charity  Organization   Society: 
There  is  grea't  need  of  friends  for  individual  families 

who  will  work  under  skilled  direction,  giving  occasional 

time  in  the  afternoon  or  evening. 


Methods  and  Programs  121 

Seven  Days  a  Week  Work: 

A  large  number  of  men  in  New  York  work  steadily 
without  a  regular  day  of  rest.  The  men  of  the  churches 
could  well  become  informed  on  this  subject  and  work 
with  agencies  endeavoring  to  introduce  such  a  law  upon 
the  Statutes  of  New  York  State. 

Instruction  in  Sex  Education  for  Growing  Boys  and  Young 
Men: 
The  amount  of  knowledge  upon  this  subject  is  rapidly 
increasing.  Earnest  Christian  men  and  women  realize 
that  knowledge  is  necessary.  The  best  place  for  instruc- 
tion is  the  home;  the  best  people  to  instruct,  the  parents. 
Following  these  come  the  Church  and  the  religious 
worker,  preferably  a  physician.  Next  in  importance  are 
the  schools  and  the  trained  biological  teacher.  Excellent 
text  books  can  be  obtained  for  classes  of  young  men 
or  young  boys  and  for  leaders.  The  harm  resulting  from 
ignorance  or  improper  education  is  in  ilself  justifica- 
tion for  study  and  education. 

Moving  Pictures  and  Common  Shows : 

There  is  much  opposition  to  a  satisfactory  ordinance. 
Since  this  new  style  of  show  is  used  by  hundreds  of 
thousands  every  week,  it  is  undoubtedly  the  province  of 
the  men  of  the  church  to  see  that  the  picture  films  used 
are  wholesome  and  the  morals  of  the  children  are  care- 
fully protected. 

The  Children's  Court  and  the  Child: 

There  is  opportunity  now  for  the  men  of  the  church 
to  co-operate  with  disinterested  philanthropic  organiza- 
tions in  seeing  that  a  thoroughly  modern  system  of 
treatment  of  juvenile  delinquents  be  introduced  in  the 
city. 

Fire  Protection  In  Shops  and  Factories : 

After  the  Triangle  Shirtwaist  Fire,  at  a  public  meet- 
ing in  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  a  Committee  on 
Safety  and  Fire  Prevention  was  established.  This  Com- 
mittee is  working  on  various  methods  of  obtaining  satis- 
factory results  and  will  need  the  assistance  of  church- 


122     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

men  In  passing  laws  and  in  the  enforcement  of  existing 
laws. 

Board  of  Health: 

This  Department  of  the  City  is  empowered  to  investi- 
gate and  compel  obedience  to  the  law  on  the  part  of 
owners  of  cellar  bakeries,  manufacturers  of  ice-cream, 
dispensers  of  milk,  and  dealers  in  canned  goods,  meats, 
fish,  and  other  foods.  It  would  be  valuable  for  the  men 
of  the  churches  to  learn  from  investigation  what  the 
conditions  are,  and  from  the  officials  of  the  Board  of 
Health  what  their  equipment  is  for  the  enforcement 
of  the  law,  the  character  of  the  inspections  and  the 
amount  of  progress  made  monthly. 

The  Moral  Conditions  of  Theaters: 

A  law  went  into  effect  on  September  ist,  1910,  which 
makes  possible  the  suppression  of  plays  which  are  harm- 
ful to  morals.  The  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Crime 
is  interested  in  seeing  this  law  enforced.  The  men  of 
the  churches  may  well  learn  of  the  work  of  this  organi- 
zation and  of  the  possibility  of  co-operation. 

Housing: 

The  laws  affecting  congestion  of  population  in  New 
York  City  under  consideration  at  Albany  deserve  the 
careful  study  of  the  laymen.  They  may  well  learn  of  the 
progress  of  the  Tenement  House  Department  in  the 
elimination  of  dark  rooms  in  tenements. 


COMPOSITE    OUTLINE    OF    SOCIAL    SERVICE    RECOMMENDATIONS     MADE 
BY  THE  MEN  AND  RELIGION   MOVEMENT  IN   MANY  CITIES. 

I.   THE    CHURCH. 

"i.  Make   a   thorough   survey   of   the   local   field. 

"2.  List  all  social  work  and  problems  which  should  engage 
the  activities  of  the  men  in  the  church. 

"3.  Make  a  canvass  of  the  men  in  the  church  with  a  view 
of  discovering  men  who  should  be  linked  up  with  definite 
social   service   tasks. 

"4.  Enlist  men   as  they  become  members  of  the  church. 

"5.  Develop  a  social  service  group  in  every  church. 


Methods  and  Programs  123 

"6.  Organize  the  social  service  groups  in  the  various  churches 
into    one    compact    group. 

"7,  Place  a  more  definite  responsibility  upon  the  men  living 
in  the  suburbs  with  regard  to  the  problems  of  the  city. 

"8.  Have  more  frequent  discussions  by  the  ministers  of  the 
social  problems  of  the  city. 

"9.  Develop  greater  interest  on  the  part  of  the  ministers 
and  laymen  of  the  city  in  the  educational  work  of  the  Asso- 
ciated Charities. 

"10.  Study  the  location  of  churches  and  missions  with  refer- 
ence to  the  greatest  efficiency. 

"11.  Make  more  thorough  records  of  members,  organizations, 
methods  and   results  of  work  by  all  the  churches. 

"12.  Use  among  the  churches  the  charts  and  reports  pre- 
pared  in   connection   with   the  local   survey. 

13.  Make  a  wider  study  of  social  conditions,  continuing  the 
investigations  made  by  the  social  service  committee  of  the  Men 
and  Religion   Forward  Movement. 

''14.  Erect  a  hospital  to  be  supported  by  the  Protestant 
churches    of    the    city    and    state. 

"15.  Encourage  the  wider  use  of  church  buildings. 

"16.  Conduct  an  open  forum  under  the  auspices  of  the  Fed- 
eration of  Churches   for  the  discussion  of  social  problems. 

"17.  Hold  conferences  of  social  service  groups  in  the  churches 
with  educational  leaders,  leaders  of  workingmtn,  and  public 
officials  with  reference  to  problems  confronting  these  various 
groups. 

"18.  Conduct  a  systematic  and  continuous  publicity  campaign 
by   the    united    churches    of   the    city. 

"19.  Conduct  a  social  service  revival  under  the  auspices  of 
the   united   churches. 

"20.  Exchange  fraternal  delegates  between  the  ministers*  as- 
sociation  and   the   central   labor   union. 

"21.  Observe   Labor   Sunday   in   all   of   the  churches. 

"22.  Employ  a  social  service  expert  to  make  operative  the 
plans  suggested. 

II.   THE     SOCIAL     WORKERS. 

"i.  Organize  the  social  workers  of  the  city  for  the  adoption 
of  a  standardized  social  program. 

"2.  Make  a  survey  of  housing  and  living  conditions  among 
the    workingmen    of    the    city. 

"3.  Make   a  survey  of  the  negro  population  of  the  city. 


124     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"4.  Introduce  more  adequate  recreational  facilities  for 
negroes. 

"5.  Study  the  problems  of  organized  labor. 

"6.  Study  the  relation  of  the  alleged  inefficiency  of  white 
labor  to  the  standards  of  living  of  negro  artisans  and  laborers. 

"7.  Agitate  the  matter  of  providing  a  labor  temple  for  the 
use  of  organized  labor. 

"8.  Co-operate  with  the  church  in  securing  social  and  labor 
legislation. 

"g.  Investigate  the  moral  and  physical  conditions  in  depart- 
ment  stores. 

"10.  Investigate  the  cost  of  living. 

"11.  Study  the  minimum  wage  problem. 

"12.  Study  the  economic  aspect  of  the  liquor  problem,  with 
special  reference  to  the  attitude  of  the  workingman  toward 
the  saloon. 

"13.  Study  and  present  a  plan  for  a  saloon  substitute. 

"14.  Study  the  causes  of  disease  and  poverty  in  the  city. 

"15.  Provide  more  visiting  nurses. 

*'i6.  Establish  an  information  and  employment  bureau. 

"17.  Organize  a  joint  registration  bureau  as  a  clearing  house 
for  all  social  service  agencies. 

"18.  Establish  a  charities  endorsement  committee  requiring 
uniform  accounting,  semi-annual  audit,  and  standard  case  rec- 
ords of  all  social  service  agencies  supported  by  public  con- 
tributions. 

"19.  Prepare  a  brief  pamphlet  indicating  the  functions,  pro- 
grams and  actual  work  of  the  various  social  service  agencies 
of  the  city. 

III.   THE  MUNICIPALITY. 

"l.  Organize   a  bureau   of   municipal   research   and   efficiency. 

"2.  Appoint  a  vice  commission  for  the  study  of  the  social  evil. 

"3.  Enforce  the  law  against  prostitution  with  the  understand- 
ing that  the  Men  and  Religion  Forward  Movement  will  pro- 
vide homes   for  the  women  who  desire  to   reform. 

"4,  Remove  immediately  the  houses  of  ill  fame  from  the 
neighborhood  of  the  girl's  high  school. 

"5.  Adequately   supervise  the  dance  halls  of  the  city. 

"6,  Enforce  a  strict  supervision  of  certain  restaurants  and 
poolrooms. 

"7.  Enforce  the  law  against  'Blind  Tigers.* 

"8.  Introduce  rigid  methods  with  reference  to  the  supervision 
of  the  sale  of  cocaine. 


Methods  and  Programs  125 

"9.  Enforce   the   law   against   gambling. 

"10.  Secure    adequate    supervision    of    motion    picture    shows. 

"11.  Make  a  scientific  study  of  the  problem  of  recreation  pre- 
senting a  city-wide  plan  for  the  recreational  life  of  the  people. 

"12.  Use  more  generally  the  lecture  hall  in  the  public  library 
building. 

"13.  Use  municipal  buildings  in  such  districts  of  the  city  as 
are  in  need  of  community  centers,  making  provision  for  public 
meetings  for  civic  organizations,  labor  unions,  and  general  wel- 
fare societies. 

"14.  Make  more  frequent  use  of  the  city  hall  auditorium  for 
popular  concerts,  lecture  courses,  and  addresses. 

"15.  Combine   a   social   service   program   with   the   city   plan. 

"16.  Provide  a  downtown  social  center  for  workingmen. 

"17.  Make  a  wider  use  of  public  schools  as  neighborhood 
centers. 

"18.  Introduce  industrial  and  vocational  education  in  public 
schools. 

"19.  Have  a  compulsory  education  law  for  the  children  of 
the  city. 

"20.  Establish    a   juvenile   court. 

"21.  Appoint  probation  officers  in  connection  with  the  juvenile 
court  with  volunteer  assistants. 

"22.  Issue   licenses   and   permits   for   newsboys. 

"23.  Make  more  adequate  provision  for  police  protection  in 
residence  section. 

"24.  Secure  volunteer  workers  among  immigrants  of  the  city. 

"25.  Provide  volunteer  probation  officers  for  adult  offenders. 

"26.  Organize   a  law   enforcement  league. 

"27.  Abolish    convict    lease    system. 

"28.  Introduce  legislation  providing  for  sanitary  housing  con- 
ditions. 

"29.  Secure  more  adequate  inspection  of  housing,  health  and 
sanitary  conditions. 

"30.  Secure  better  methods  of  recording  vital  statistics. 

"3i.  Organize  municipal  charities,  so  that  there  will  be  bet- 
ter care  of  the  aged  and  unfortunate  dependent  upon  the  city 
for   relief. 

"32.  Erect  a  hospital  for  aged  persons  with  chronic  diseases. 

"33-  Segregate  the  advanced  tubercular  cases  in  the  municipal 
tuberculosis  hospital. 

"34.  Establish  a  tuberculosis  camp. 

"35.  Provide  for  a  more  adequate  inspection  of  the  milk 
supply  of  the  city, 


126     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"S6.  Supervise  the  storage  of  fruits  and  vegetables  sold  by 

street  peddlers. 

"37.  Investigate   the    lodging   house   problem. 

"38.  Work   for  a  municipal  lodging  house. 

"39.  Investigate  the  problem  of  unemployment. 

"40.  Educate  the  better  element  in  the  city  to  pay  the  poll 
tax,  to  register  and  to  vote. 

IV.  THE   STATE. 

"i.  Create  a  commission  to  thoroughly  study  crimes  and  ar- 
rests and  the  entire  subject  of  penology  v^ith  a  view  to  in- 
troducing the  most  modern  methods  of  dealing  with  crimi- 
nals. 

"2.  Abolish   the   iniquitous   fee   system   in  the   sheriff's   office. 

"3.  Remove  the  shackles  from  the  feet  of  convicts  working 
upon   the   streets. 

"4.  Renovate  thoroughly  the  county  workhouse  and  insist 
upon  better  sanitary  treatment  of  inmates. 

"5.  Investigate  the  loan  shark  business. 

"6.  Pass  a  ten-hour  law  for  women  in  industry. 

"7-  Pass  legislation  to  provide  for  a  54-hour  law,  for  fire 
protection   in  industrial  plants,   and  registration  of   factories. 

"8.  Appoint  a  minimum  wage  board  for  women  in  industry 
and   commercial   life. 

"9.  Employ  more   factory  inspectors. 

"10.  Introduce  better  child  labor  legislation. 

"11.  Introduce  an  employers'  liability  and  workingmen's  com- 
pensation  act. 

"12.  Demand  a  law  giving  one  day's  rest  in  seven  in  all  in- 
dustries. 

"13.  Establish   a  home    for   dependent  children. 

"14.  Establish  an  adequate  home  for  inebriates. 

"15.  Establish    a    negro    orphanage. 

"16.  Enforce    a    compulsory    education    law. 

"17.  Enact  an  adequate  housing  law. 

"18.  Secure  legislation  against  the  exploitation  of  the  im- 
migrant." 

V.  GENERAL  RECOMMENDATIONS. 

"It  is  suggested  that  specific  phases  of  social  service  be  taken 
up  month  by  month,  and  an  attempt  be  made  to  put  through  a 
definite  program  during  certain  periods,  every  possible  agency 


Methods  and  Programs  127 

being  employed  to  secure  the  desired  end.  Month-by-month 
campaigns  of  this  sort  would  be  of  great  value.  It  may  be 
desirable  to  concentrate  either  upon  a  particular  section  of  the 
city  or  upon  a  particular  problem  in  the  city.  It  will  be  much 
better  to  attack  one  situation  and  master  it  than  to  attempt 
to  do  twenty  things  and   fail  in  all. 

"Do  not  organize  a  private  agency  to  do  the  work  which 
should  be  done  by  the  city.  If  the  city  officials  being  held 
responsible  for  the  doing  of  the  work  are  failing  in  it,  find 
out  if  they  have  the  money,  if  they  have  the  authority,  if  they 
have  the  equipment,  or  if  they  have  the  ability.  In  any  case, 
see  that  the  obstacle  is  removed,  and  then  stand  by  the  of- 
ficial   who    does    his    work   well. 

"Do  not  organize  another  society  if  there  is  already  one  in 
existence  that  may  do  the  work,  if  it  has  the  proper  support 
in  the  community.  It  is  better  to  work  through  the  trained 
expert  who  is  connected  with  an  existing  organization  than 
to  attempt  an  important  piece  of  work  simply  through  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers.  The  efforts  of  the  latter  may  be  spas- 
modic; the  volunteer  workers  should  put  themselves  under  the 
supervision   of   the   expert. 

"If  the  city  has  been  aroused  to  a  definite  social  need,  in- 
vite one  of  the  field  secretaries  of  a  national  organization  deal- 
ing with  this  problem  to  counsel  with  you  as  to  the  best  way 
to  proceed  in  the  proposed  enterprise.  Such  an  official  will 
safeguard  the  com^munity  against  incompetent  or  over  enthusi- 
astic  but   ignorant   individuals. 

"Whatever  may  be  the  plan  or  plans  finally  adopted,  do  not 
make  the  mistake  of  confining  the  work  to  a  few  leading  in- 
dividuals who  may  be  ready  to  support  it  or  do  the  thing  it- 
self, thus  depriving  the  citizens  as  a  whole  from  having  a 
share  in  it." 

In  a  Middle  Western  city  of  30,000,  the  social  service 
committee  of  the  Men  and  Religion  Movement  found  that 
there  was  work  for  the  churches  to  do  in  securing  the 
following : 

Pure  Water  Supply;  Food  Inspection  and  Public  Market; 
Legislation  for  Mortuary  and  Vital  Statistics;  Legislation 
for  Tenement  Building  and  Sanitary  Code;  Municipal  or 
Mission  Lodgings;  Work  House  and  State  Farm;  Play- 
grounds and  Comfort  Stations;  Social  Centers  in  Public 
Schools;  Workingmen's  Compensation  Law;  Law  Limiting 


128     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

the  Hours  of  Women's  Labor ;  Enforcement  of  Labor  Laws ; 
Investigate;  i.  Social  Cost  of  Saloons;  2.  Cost  of  Living  and 
Determining  Minimum  Wage  Standards;  3.  Sunday  Work 
and  Demand  one  Day's  Rest  in  Seven;  4.  Industrial  Educa- 
tion in  Public  Schools. 

SUGGESTIONS    FOR   A    TOWN    PROGRAM. 

Baptist. 

"The  first  fifteen  items  suggest  some  of  the  things  requir- 
ing most  urgent  and  immediate  action. 
"Make  a  study  and  survey  of  the  community. 
"Have  regular  inspection  of  tenements  and  rooming  houses. 
"Have  moving  picture  and  all  other  shows  properly  censored. 
"See  that  the  dance  halls  are  regularly  inspected  and  care- 
fully regulated. 

"Have  the  probation  system  for  all  delinquents,  and  intemper- 
ate men  and  women. 

"Have  a  county  farm  and  workhouse  for  tramps  and  short- 
term  prisoners. 

"Have  pastors,  teachers  and  editors  co-operate  in  suggesting 
good  books  to  read. 

"Let  the  pastor  or  teacher  organize  a  Nature  Study  class  or 
club. 
"Endeavor  to  provide  more  rational  and  social  recreation. 
"Secure  an  ordinance  requiring  fruit  dealers,  bakers,  etc.,  to 
screen    wares    from    flies. 

"Have  a  regular  canvass  of  the  community  and  keep  it  up  to 
date. 
"Have  manual  training  in  the  schools,  with  technical  schools. 
"Have   instructions    in   civics,    ethics,    and    sex    morality     in 
schools  and  by  public  lectures. 
"Have  a  town  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  or  its  equivalent. 
"Secure  for  every  worker  one  day's  rest  in  seven. 
"Organize  a  federation  of  the  churches. 
"Have   a   community   plan   and   program. 
"Have  a   system  of   organized   benevolence. 
"Emphasize  the  place  and   work   of   the  home  and  promote 
home   training  in   morality   and   religion, 
"Provide  a  substitute  for  saloons,  pool  halls,  dance  halls,  etc. 
"Encourage  yard   gardening   and   window  gardens. 
"Beautify  the  surroundings  of  factories,  warehouses,  stations. 
"Make  the  town  more  beautiful:  clean  streets,  flowers. 


Methods  and  Programs  129 

"Have   playgrounds    for    children    under    proper    supervision. 

"Have  university  extension  lectures  on  civics,  health,  morals, 
etc. 

"Have  free  lectures  in  schools  on  hygiene,  citizenship,  life. 

"Have   musical    clubs,   also   dramatic   clubs. 

"Create  better  social  atmosphere. 

"Introduce  juvenile  court  and  probation  system. 

"Have  well-equipped  and  convenient  reading  rooms. 

"Organize  town  club  for  discussion  of  current  topics. 

"See  that  there  is  no  needless  duplication  of  churches. 

"Make  the  churches  true  social  centers. 

"Make  life  more  interesting;  town  more  wholesome  and 
moral." 

In  a  tov^n  of  15,000  the  following  needs  and  opportunities 
were  disclosed  by  a  mere  casual  analysis  of  community 
conditions:  Social  centers  in  the  school  building,  industrial 
training  and  vocational  guidance  in  the  schools  and  pro- 
bation officer,  children's  work  in  the  librpry,  organized 
recreation  and  social  life  for  young  people,  effective  co- 
operation in  charity  work  and  more  friendly  visiting,  a 
separate  room  for  juvenile  arrests,  constructive  work  for 
minor  offenders,  the  suppression  of  gambling  and  prostitu- 
tion, regulation  of  dance  halls  and  shows,  the  securing  of 
one  day's  rest  in  seven  and  the  minimum  wage. 

In  a  village  of  500  a  similar  analysis  showed  need  for 
water  works  and  a  sewer  system,  of  providing  some  social 
center  for  the  young  people,  of  suppressing  gambling  and 
reducing  the  length  of  the  working  day  in  the  stores, 

KINDS  OF  SOCIAL  SERVICE  IN   WHICH   AN   AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITY 
SHOULD   BE   ENGAGED. 

Episcopal. 

"i.  Improvement   of   agricultural   theory   and   practice. 

"2.  Improvement  of  means  of  communication  and  transpor- 
tation. 

"3.  Improvement  of  living  conditions,  especially  among  farm- 
hands. 

"4.  Reconstruction  of  rural  education  for  the  purpose  of  hold- 
ing farm  children  to  the  farm. 


130     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"5.  Revival  of  the  rural  church  in  relation  to  the  special 
needs  of  a  farming  population." 

Friends. 

The  Five  Years*  Meeting  of  Friends,  in  report  of  its  Social 
Service  Commission,  suggested  the  following: 

"One  of  the  important  pieces  of  social  service  work  which 
Monthly  Meetings,  particularly  those  in  Rural  Districts,  may 
undertake  through  a  Social  Service  Committee,  is  the  pro- 
vision of  a  trained  District  nurse  for  the  neighborhood,  or,  for 
a  territory  including  a  number  of  neighborhoods.  The  trained 
nurse  should,  in  every  instance,  be  a  devoted  Christian,  a  woman 
able  to  raise  the  tone  of  the  home  and  domestic  life  in  the 
families  she  visits,  and  skillful  to  minister  to  the  spiritual 
life  as  well  as  to  the  body.  Where  Monthly  Meetings  through 
their  Social  Service  Committees  undertake  this  far-reaching 
service,  it  is  very  important  that  they  should  co-operate  with 
other  Social  Agencies  in  carrying  it  through  and  that  the  money 
needed  for  the  undertaking  should  be  solicited  from  the  en- 
tire community  that  is  to  be  benefited. 

"Another  type  of  Social  Service  activity  which  lies  within  the 
scope  and  power  of  very  many  Monthly  Meetings,  or  Con- 
gregational Meetings,  throughout  the  country,  is  the  formation 
of  clubs  or  other  organizations  for  guiding  the  play  and  rec- 
reation of  boys  and  girls.  The  club  or  organization  should,  of 
course,  not  be  confined  to  the  boys  and  girls  who  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Meeting.  It  should  be  for  the  whole  neighborhood, 
as  should  all  Social  Service  work,  and  it  should  be  so  directed 
and  managed  that  it  will  lead  the  boys  and  girls,  not  only 
into  healthier  activities  for  body  and  limb,  but  also  guide  them 
unconsciously  into  living  connection  with  the  Church." 

SELECTING   A    MINIMUM    PROGRAM. 

Out  of  these  programs  or  any  efforts  that  may  be  made 
on  the  basis  of  the  needs  of  the  local  community,  it  is 
necessary  for  the  churches  to  confine  themselves  to  some 
one  or  two  specific  needs,  to  condense  the  program  for; 
immediate  action  to  an  irreducible  minimum,  perhaps  to 
some  one  thing  that  would  not  be  tolerated  by  the  com- 
munity if  the  facts  were  known.    For  example,  out  of  the 


Methods  and  Programs  131 

program  of  the  church  for  Industry,  the  Federated  churches 
make  their  immediate  appeal  for:  One  day's  rest  in  seven; 
reasonable  hours  of  labor;  a  living  wage  based  on  these 
reasonable  hours  of  labor.  From  these  demands  again 
a  selection  is  made,  and  attention  is  being  concentrated  on 
one  day's  rest  in  seven. 

In  the  Chicago  Men  and  Religion  campaign,  the  social 
service  field  for  the  churches  v^as  divided  into :  Child 
Welfare;  Charities;  Health;  Labor;  Immigrants;  The 
Prisoner;  Law  Enforcement;  Civics. 

In  smaller  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  several  of  these 
fields  would  present  no  local  needs,  but  even  in  the  open 
country  there  is  useful  work  to  be  done  in  Charity  and  the 
Prevention  of  Poverty,  Care  for  the  Sick  and  Prevention  of 
Diseases  and  in  providing  adequate  Social  and  Recreational 
Life   for  Young  People. 

The  field  where  most  churches  find  their  initial  work 
is  in  something  relating  to  child  welfare,  perhaps  the  con- 
ditions that  are  creating  juvenile  delinquency,  or  the  con- 
structive work  of  furnishing  social  centers  for  young 
people. 

CO-OPERATIVE   EFFORT. 

The  keyword  in  carrying  out  the  social  service  program 
of  the  local  church  or  group  of  churches  is  co-operation 
— with  other  churches  and  with  other  social  agencies;  then 
co-operation  in  the  whole  federation  movement  in  state 
and  national  action  which  links  the  denominations  together 
with  all  other  agencies  for  social  progress  in  a  co-ordinated 
plan. 

This  means  the  federation  of  churches  and  church  soci- 
eties and  their  co-ordination  with  other  local  social  service 
agencies  in  a  community  program.  To  initiate  such  a 
movement,  a  campaign  of  "Social  Service  Evangelism"  is 
often  undertaken.  The  denominational  secretaries  are 
ready  whenever  possible  to  co-operate  in  such  campaigns 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Federal  Council. 

When  a  group  of  churches  or  men's  organizations  have 


132     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

agreed  upon  a  minimum  social  service  program,  always  in 
consultation  with  the  social  workers  of  their  community, 
the  next  step  is  the  apportionment  of  this  program  among 
the  co-operating  institutions.  There  will  be  neighborhood 
matters  which  will  concern  the  churches  of  a  particular 
district  and  the  task  will  be  apportioned  between  them. 
There  will  be  general  community  matters  which  will  be 
divided  between  denominational  groups  and  other  general 
social  service  agencies. 

Episcopal 

"The  moment  we  come  to  a  consideration  of  parochial  social 
service,  we  find  that  the  parish  cannot  stand  by  itself  in  the 
effort  to  improve  community  conditions.  To  do  really  effective 
work,  it  must  co-operate  with  other  religious  agencies  and  with 
secular  agencies  in  a  common  effort  for  the  common  good. 
Social  service  must  be  more  than  interdenominational;  it  must 
be  communal.  'He  who  is  not  against  us  is  for  us'  may  well 
serve  as  the  slogan  of  men  and  women  in  the  church  who  are 
trying  to  do  their  share  to  inaugurate  the  kingdom  of  justice 
and  righteousness  on  earth." 


Methodis^ 

"Community  plans  depend  upon  community  forces.  Get  in- 
formation and  suggestions  from  local  social  service  workers 
and  interested  public  officials.  Find  out  all  that  is  being  done 
or  planned  by  existing  agencies  to  meet  local  needs.  Are  your 
churches  and  brotherhoods  federated?  Is  there  any  central 
agency  that  unites  the  church  group,  the  social  welfare  group, 
and  the  labor  group  in  common  action  for  community  welfare? 

"No  better  and  more  fruitful  line  of  effort  can  be  found, 
than  the  effort  to  aid  the  agencies  now  at  work  in  the  com- 
munity. The  Social  Service  Committee  should  study  the  vari- 
ous charitable,  philanthropic,  civic,  and  reform  agencies  of  the 
community,  and  should  keep  the  people  informed  concerning 
their  purposes,  methods,  results  and  needs.  It  should  endeavor 
to  enlist  the  active  co-operation  of  the  church  in  behalf  of  all 
agencies  that  are  found  worthy.  In  this  way  the  agencies  that 
exist    can    have    their    efficiency    many    times    duplicated,    and 


Methods  and  Programs  133 

channels  may  be  found  along  which  the  Christian  impulses  of 
the  people  may  flow. 

"The  Charity  Organization  of  New  York,  105  East  Twenty- 
secjond  Street,  publishes  a  pamphlet,  'Social  Movements,'  de- 
scribing many  of  the  organizations  of  a  more  general  char- 
acter and  national  scope  that  exist.  It  also  publishes  an  'An- 
nual,' giving  a  brief  description  of  practically  all  Social  Serv- 
ice agencies  in  the  country,  with  the  name  and  address  of  the 
secretary, 

"The  virtue  of  co-operation  is  one  of  the  cardinal  Christian 
virtues.  The  word  'Together'  is  the  keyword  of  Social  Serv- 
ice. There  are  no  isolated  reforms.  One  thing  is  as  it  is  be- 
cause all  other  things  are  as  they  are.  Wise  Social  Service 
effort  must  therefore  be  organic.  To  help  society  at  any  point 
we  must  help  it  at  every  point. 

"The  church  should  be  the  rallying  center,  and  the  organiz- 
ing force  in  every  community.  So  long  as  people  are  dis- 
united they  are  weak;  the  day  we  unite  the  forces  of  good 
will,  large  victories  will  be  easily  possible.  Guerrilla  bands  may 
keep  the  enemy  awake,  but  guerilla  bands  never  won  a  great 
battle  and  ended  a  campaign;  this  is  the  work  of  disciplined 
soldiers  and  a  united  army. 

"The  Social  Service  Committee  should  therefore  arrange  for 
a  conference  of  all  the  Social  Service  agencies  of  the  commu- 
nity. In  these  conferences  there  should  be  a  careful  consider- 
ation of  the  questions — civic,  state,  and  national — that  require 
attention  either  in  the  way  of  instruction,  agitation,  or  legis- 
lation. And  in  these  conferences  plans  should  be  made  whereby 
the  whole  intelligence,  conscience,  and  power  of  the  commu- 
nity can  be  made  available  in  behalf  of  any  one  vital  issue.  This 
conference  should  be  a  Social  Service  Clearing  House  for  the 
community.  It  should  also  bring  the  people  into  vital  touch 
with  the  various  state  and  national  agencies  that  are  promoting 
important  measures." 

"One  person  may  study,  inspire  and  suggest,  but  for  action 
a  group  is  needed.  We  start  no  new  organizations,  but  develop 
the  social  service  possibilities  of  existing  church  societies.  What 
is  your  Brotherhood,  Adult  Bible  Class,  Men's  Club,  Ladies' 
Aid,  Epworth  League,  Sunday-School,  doing  for  the  community? 
How  can  their  work  be  related  to  that  of  other  social  agencies?" 

"The  development  of  this  program  relates  the  church  as  a 
co-operating  force  with  the  other  forces  for  community  prog- 
ress. The  pastor  who  aligns  his  church  with  the  community 
agencies  for  charity,  health,  education,  rereation,  civic  and  in- 


134     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

dustrial  improvement,  thereby  becomes  a  minister  to  the  whole 
community,  in  which  functions  it  gains  increased  spiritual 
authority." 

DENOMINATIONAL   DISTRICT    BODIES. 

It  is  inevitable  that  the  w^ork  of  the  different  denomina- 
tions should  be  organized  by  states,  districts,  conferences, 
dioceses.  The  following  suggestions  are  made  for  the  pro- 
cedure of  these  bodies. 

Methodist. 

*The  programs  of  all  Annual  Conferences  should  provide  for 
the  consideration  of  such  social  conditions  within  the  Con- 
ference territory  as  call  for  united  action. 

"To  this  end  we  recommend  that  each  Conference  have  a 
standing  Commission  on  Social  Service,  to  be  composed  of  the 
men  of  most  experience  in  this  field,  who  shall  serve  continuously 
so  far  as  possible.  This  committee  shall  determine  what  social 
conditions  need  the  consideration  of  the  Conference  as  recom- 
mended above;  it  shall  act  in  co-operation  with  similar  com- 
missions from  other  Conferences  within  a  state,  thus  forming 
a  State  Commission  which  shall  keep  the  Methodist  Churches 
informed  concerning  legislative  matters  relating  to  social  wel- 
fare, and  rally  the  Methodist  forces  of  the  state  in  support  of 
the  constructive  legislation  needed  for  social  progress.  These 
commissions  can  act  in  co-operation  with  similar  commissions 
from  other  denominations.  They  should  also  act  in  close  co- 
operation with  Commissions  on  Rural  Life  and  the  Country 
Church,  where  such  exist,  and  where  these  do  not  exist,  should 
constitute  from  their  own  members  a  committee  on  rural 
problems." 

SUGGESTED    PROCEDURE. 

"I.  Field: 

Determine  social  condition  to  be  investigated  and  presented 
to  Conference  and  what  facts  must  be  known  concerning  it. 
Extent  of  Seven  Day  Work  suggested  for  this  year. 

"2.  Investigation : 

Draw  up  a  schedule  of  questions  to  discover   facts  desired. 
Select  communities  typical  of  sections  of  Conference. 


Methods  and  Programs  135 

Appoint  a  supervisor   for  each   district  or  city. 

Put  detail  work  in  hands  of  young  men. 

Get  all  reports  in  before  final  rush  of  church  year. 
"3,  Presentation : 

Arrange  early  for  place  on  Conference  program. 

Select  one  or  more  men  to  present  results  of  investigation; 

one  to  outline  plan  of  action  proposed  by  Commission. 

Present  results  of   investigation   in  charts  and  lantern  slides. 

Embody  details  in  printed  pamphlet  for  pulpit  ammunition. 
"4.  Action : 

Consider   results  of   investigation  and   agree  upon  a  plan  of 

action  to  meet  the  needs  disclosed. 

This    may    include:    (a)    United    pulpit    utterances;    (b)    In- 
fluencing   the    conduct    of    individual    church    members;    (c) 

Securing  the  enforcement  of  law;  (d)  Introducing,  supporting 

or  opposing  legislation. 
"5.  Co-operation  : 

Is  there  a  State  Federation   of  Churches  or  Commission  of 

another  denomination  which  will  co-operate  in  this  program? 

In    supporting   or    opposing    state    legislation    the    Conference 

Commissions   within   the   state   can   act   jointly   in  behalf   of 

Methodism." 

Episcopal. 

"i.  Hold  regular  meetings — at  least  quarterly. 

"2.  As  soon  as  possible  employ  an  executive  secretary — on 
full  time  or  part  time. 

"3.  If  the  commission  is  large  enough  appoint  sub-committees 
charged  with  special  phases  of  investigation  or  other  effort. 

"4.  Draw  up  a  definite  program  of  action,  on  the  basis  of 
actual  investigation  of  conditions  and  agencies  in  the  diocese, 
or  of  data  already  gathered  by  other  agencies. 

"5.  Keep  in  touch  with  proposed  legislative  measures. 

"6,  Co-operate  with  various  social  agencies  of  the  state  and 
of  single  communities. 

"7.  Interest  parishes  of  the  diocese  in  community  service. 

"8.  Hold  a  'social  service  mission' — of  several  days'  duration — 
at  some  central  point,  with  addresses  by  experts  on  the  social 
problem  and  methods  of  service,  and  by  ministers  and  laymen 
on  the  relation  of  the  church  to  human  welfare. 

"9.  Issue  a  monthly  bulletin  which  will  keep  the  parishes  in- 
formed of  your  work  and  plans. 

"10.  Organize  a  social  service  loan  or  travelling  library." 


136     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Some  of  these  Commissions  are  getting  facts  on  the 
extent  of  seven-day  work  in  several  small  cities,  and  on 
intellectual  and  recreational  needs  and  facilities  in  several 
villages.  They  are  reporting  and  exhibiting  the  work  of 
successful  social  service  churches  and  sending  out  social 
service  teams  to  conduct  institutes. 


V. 

CO-OPERATING  AGENCIES. 

T  F  the  churches  are  to  carry  out  a  co-operative  com- 
munity program,  they  must  get  in  touch  with  the  local 
and  general  social  service  agencies  which  are  at  work  in 
the  different  fields  which  the  church  is  called  upon  to 
enter.  From  these  agencies  they  will  get  the  counsel  of 
experience  and  of  trained  experts.  Here  follows  a  brief 
list  of  those  agencies  most  likely  to  be  of  service  to  the 
church.  Many  of  them  have  local  committees  or  branches. 
They  all  have  valuable  printed  matter  and  some  of  them 
will  furnish  special  field  workers  for  counsel  and  plan- 
ning. 

SOCIAL    SERVICE    ( GENERAL). 

American  Institute  of  Social  Service  (1898).  Bible 
House,  Astor  Place,  New  York  City,  Dr.  Josiah  Strong, 
President.  Purpose:  To  serve  as  a  clearing  house  for 
facts,  experiences  and  ideas  on  social  and  industrial  better- 
ment. Plans:  To  create  a  museum  of  municipal  facts  and 
photographs,  and  a  museum  of  the  laws  of  all  countries 
touching  social  problems.  Those  interested  may  consult 
its  large  specialized  library  and  its  department  of  expert 
information,  and  may  borrow  books  and  documents  so 
far  as  the  library  contains  duplicates.  The  Institute  has 
several  thousand  negatives  of  social  subjects  from  which 
lantern  slides  may  be  made  to  order,  conducts  a  lecture- 
ship on  social  subjects,  arranges  for  special  investigations, 
prepares  bibliographies,  and  has  five  hundred  classes  in  the 

137 


138     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

United  States  and  Canada  on  social  questions.    All  its  ser- 
vices are  free  except  special  investigation. 

Federated  Boys'  Clubs  (1905).  35  Congress  Street,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Thomas  Chew,  President.  Purpose:  By  asso- 
ciation of  individuals  and  clubs  to  promote  the  work  of 
boys'  clubs  and  to  further  the  formation  of  new  clubs  where 
needed;  to  supply  men  for  superintendents;  to  give  advice 
and  furnish  literature.  Plans:  To  undertake  a  larger 
amount  of  field  work;  to  establish  centers  all  over  the 
country  similar  to  those  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  Germantown, 
Pa.  Annual  conference  in  June.  Publishes  a  number  of 
folders  on  this  work, 


RECREATION. 

Playground  and  Recreation  Association  of  'America 
(1906).  I  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City,  H.  S.  Braucher, 
Secretary.  Purpose:  To  increase  the  efficiency  of  play- 
grounds already  established  and  to  establish  playgrounds 
on  the  right  basis  in  cities  and  towns  not  having  them, 
that  eventually  every  citizen  shall  have  an  opportunity  for 
wholesome  recreation.  It  offers  personal  consultation  and 
advice;  provides  speakers  and  arranges  for  local  institutes; 
publishes  lists  of  persons  desiring  playground  positions; 
makes  statistics  and  experiences  of  various  cities  available; 
loans  lantern  slides  and  playground  models;  prepares  bib- 
liographies, etc.  Publishes  a  magazine.  The  Playground,  and 
pamphlets,  including  "A  Normal  Course  in  Play,"  sold  at 
cost.  An  annual  congress  is  held,  this  year  (1910),  in 
June. 

Department  of  Recreation,  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  400 
Metropolitan  Tower,  New  York  City,  publishes  many  leaf- 
lets, including  a  pamphlet  on  "How  to  Start  Social  Centers." 


SOCIAL     CENTERS. 

Extension   Department,   University  of  Wisconsin,  Madi- 
son, Professor  E.  J.  Ward,  Director. 


Co-operating  Agencies  139 


ORGANIZED  CHARITY. 

American  Association  of  Societies  for  Organising  Charity. 
Francis  H.  McLean,  General  Secretary,  105  East  226.  St., 
New  York  City. 

To  promote  the  extension  and  development  of  organized 
charity  and  of  community  co-operation  in  social  programs 
in  the  United  States. 

Charity  Organisation  Department  of  the  Russell  Sage 
Foundation  (i9o9).  Room  613,  105  East  22d  Street,  New 
York  City,  Miss  Mary  E.  Richmond,  Director.  Purpose: 
To  extend  charity  organization  work  in  communities  where 
it  has  not  yet  taken  root  and  in  communities  desiring  to 
increase  its  local  efficiency;  to  gather  up  the  best  experi- 
ence of  existing  associated  charities  or  charity  organiza- 
tion societies  and  give  it  currency.  Plans:  Correspondence 
with  any  community  interested;  field  secretary  sent,  when- 
ever possible,  to  make  a  brief  social  inquiry  as  to  local 
conditions  and  secure  local  co-operation ;  report  of  find- 
ings submitted;  form  of  organization  or  reorganization 
suggested  and  service  given  in  working  it  out;  trained 
worker  recommended  on  request.  There  are  two  hundred 
and  thirty-three  charity  organization  societies  in  America. 
Any  other  movement  that  can  lend  them  a  hand  in  further- 
ing the  working  together  spirit  in  their  several  communi- 
ties will  often  find  that  its  own  special  aims  can  be  ad- 
vanced by  these  societies.  The  Department  publishes  a 
number  of  pamphlets,  a  transportation  code,  and  a  monthly 
Charity  Organisation  Bulletin  for  the  use  of  charity  organ- 
ization workers  in  developing  a  good  technique. 

National  Federation  of  Remedial  Loan  Associations,  31 
Union   Square,  N.   Y.     Arthur  Ham. 

Reports,  pamphlets,  and  forms  for  societies  free.  In- 
formation regarding  organization  of  remedial  loan  societies 
gladly  given. 

Legal  Aid.  Chicago  Society,  31  Lake  St.  Purpose: 
To  furnish  legal  assistance  to  individuals  who  cannot  af- 
ford to  defend  their  rights  by  legal  process.  Issues  pamph- 
lets of  value. 


140    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


HEALTH. 

Committee  of  One  Hundred  on  National  Health.  E.  F. 
Robbins,  Executive  Secretary,  Room  51,  105  East  226.  St., 
New  York.  To  unite  all  government  health  agencies  into 
a  National  Department  of  Health  to  inform  the  people 
how  to  prevent  disease. 

American  Association  for  Study  and  Prevention  of  Infant 
Mortality  (1909).  Purpose:  The  study  of  infant  mortality  in 
all  its  relations,  the  dissemination  of  knowledge  concerning 
its  causes  and  prevention,  and  the  encouragement  of 
methods  for  its  prevention.  It  conducts  personal  corre- 
spondence, distributes  literature,  forms  local  associations 
and  holds  public  meetings.  Plans:  To  make  special  study 
of  birth  registration. 

American  Association  for  Study  and  Prevention  of  In- 
fant Mortality.  121 1  Cathedral  Street,  Baltimore.  Gertrude 
B.  Knipp,  Executive  Secretary.     Literature  on  request. 

Studies  preventable  causes  of  death  and  illness;  urges 
birth  legislation;   maternal  nursing;   parental  instruction. 

American  School  Hygienic  Association.  Pres.  David 
L.  Edsall,  M.D.,  Harvard  University  Medical  School ;  Sec- 
retary, Thomas  A.  Storey,  M.D.,  College  of  the  City 
of  ^STew  York,  New  York. 

Yearly  congresses  and  proceedings. 

The  American  Federation  for  Sex  Hygiene],  Tilden 
Building,  105  West  40th  Street,  New  York  City.  Con- 
stituent societies  throughout  the  country.  Publications  to 
members  and  upon  application. 

American  Society  of  Sanitary  and  Moral  Prophylaxis 
(1905).  H.  P.  De  Forest,  Secretary,  105  West  40th  Street, 
New  York  City,  President.  Purpose:  To  limit  the  spread 
of  diseases  which  have  their  origin  in  the  social  evil;  to  study 
every  means,  sanitary,  moral  and  administrative,  which 
promises  to  be  effective  for  this  purpose.  22  affiliated 
societies.  Report  and  leaflets  free.  Educational  pamphlets, 
IOC.  each.    Journal  of  Social  Diseases,  $1  per  year. 

National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis  (1904).    105  East  22d  Street,  New  York  City, 


Co-operating  Agencies  141 

Dr.  Livingston  Farrand,  Secretary.  Purpose:  To  study 
tuberculosis  in  all  its  forms  and  relations;  to  disseminate 
knowledge  concerning  it;  to  encourage  its  prevention  and 
scientific  treatment.  Plans:  In  the  immediate  future,  active 
field  campaign  with  traveling  exhibits  in  North  and  South 
Carolina,  Colorado,  Oklahoma  and  Arkansas.  Assistance 
given  in  organizing  new  work;  extension  of  press  and  pub- 
licity bureau;  compilation  of  another  turberculosis  directory; 
investigation  of  cost  of  maintenance  in  sanatoria  and  of 
mortality  from  tuberculosis  in  municipalities;  extension  of 
bureau  of  information  on  sanatorium  and  hospital  con- 
struction. The  Association  desires  to  be  kept  informed  of 
developments  in  its  field  in  various  communities  and  in 
return  will  co-operate  along  the  lines  of  tubercu- 
losis prevention  in  any  way.  There  are  thirty-four  state 
associations.    Publishes  a  number  of  pamphlets. 

IMMIGRATION. 

National  Liberal  Immigration  League  (Advocates  care- 
ful selection,  education,  protection  and  distribution  and 
opposes  indiscriminate  restriction).  Assortment  of  pamphlets 
on  various  phases  of  the  subject  and  list  of  i66  publica- 
tions sent  gratis.  Address  Educational  Department,  Na- 
tional Library  Immigration  League,  150  Nassau  Street, 
New  York. 

North  American  Civic  League  for  Immigrants,  New 
York-New  Jersey  Committee,  95  Madison  Avenue,  N.  Y. 
C.  Protection.  Education,  Distribution  and  Assimilation  of 
Immigrants.  Printed  material  furnished.  Warren  C. 
Eberle,  General  Secretary;  Frances  A.  Kellor,  Managing 
Director. 

Immigrants  Protective  League,  743  Plymouth  Court,  Chi- 
cago. Purpose:  To  apply  the  civic,  social,  and  philanthropic 
resources  of  the  city  to  the  needs  of  foreigners,  to  protect 
them  from  exploitation,  to  co-operate  with  the  Federal, 
State  and  local  authorities  and  with  similar  organizations 
in  other  localities,  and  to  protect  the  right  of  asylum  in 
all  proper  cases.     Has  issued  some  valuable  pamphlets. 


142  Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


THE    PRISONEK. 

National  Committee  on  Prison  Labor  (1909).  27  East 
22d  Street,  New  York  City,  Miss  Helen  V.  Boswell,  Secre- 
tary. Purpose:  To  study  the  prison  labor  problem  and 
propose  satisfactory  solutions;  to  gather  data  and  statistics; 
to  awaken  public  interest  in  all  the  states.  Invites  corre- 
spondence on  prison  labor  conditions,  the  industrial  aspect 
of  imprisonment,  the  competition  of  prison  labor,  the 
prisoner's  share  in  his  product. 

National  Probation  Association.  The  Capitol,  Albany, 
N.  Y.    Arthur  W.  Towne,  Secretary. 

Advice  and  information;  literature;  directory  of  proba- 
tion  officers;   annual   conference.     Membership   $1    a  year. 

Central  Howard  Association,  157  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago. 
Object:  To  aid  prisoners  before  and  after  release;  to  ad- 
vocate improved  laws  for  the  prevention  of  crime,  and  to 
secure  better  Prisons,  Reformatories,  and  Jails.  Field  of 
work:  The  Central  Western  States,  including  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota 
and  Iowa;  also  to  aid  individual  prisoners  anywhere,  and 
encouragement  to  the  cause  everywhere. 


LABOR    LEGISLATION. 

American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation  (1906).  131 
East  23rd  Street,  New  York  City,  John  B.  Andrews,  Secre- 
ately  after  state  legislatures  adjourn;  to  disseminate  widely 
legislation  and  to  collect  and  disseminate  information  lead- 
ing to  greater  care  and  uniformity  in  such  legislation. 
Plans:  To  publish  summaries  of  labor  legislation  immedi- 
ately after  state  legislatures  adjourn ;  to  disseminate  widely 
information  concerning  the  legislative  aspects  of  industrial 
education,  women's  work,  child  labor,  administration  of 
labor  laws,  employers'  liability,  workmen's  compensation, 
occupational  diseases,  unemployment  and  industrial  hygiene. 
It  has  eight  state  branches.  Annual  convention  in  Decem- 
ber. 


Co-operating  Agencies  143 


WOMEN  IN  INDUSTRY. 

National  Consumers'  League  (1899).  105  East  Twenty- 
second  Street,  New  York  City,  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley,  Gen- 
eral Secretary.  Purpose:  To  promote  better  conditions 
among  the  workers  while  securing  to  the  consumer  exemp- 
tion from  the  dangers  attending  unwholesome  conditions ; 
these  ends  to  be  attained  by  adequate  investigation  of  the 
conditions  under  which  goods  are  made,  by  the  education 
'Of  public  opinion,  by  securing  especially  the  co-operation 
of  the  consumer,  and  by  legislation.  Plans:  Ten  hour  maxi- 
mum working  day  for  women ;  minimum  wage  boards ;  pub- 
lic school  education  on  a  half-time  basis  for  working  boys 
and  girls  over  sixteen ;  the  prevention  of  food  adulteration. 
A  Committee  on  Legislation  and  Legal  Defense  of  Labor 
Laws  helps  to  secure  and  to  defend  in  the  courts  legisla- 
tion promoting  the  aims  of  the  League.  This  work  is  or- 
ganized in  nineteen  States.  Annual  meetings  at  a  date  fixed 
by  the  Executive  Committee. 

LAW   ENFORCEMENT. 

The  American  Vigilance  Association  and  the  American 
Federation  for  Sex  Hygiene  have  consolidated  their  ac- 
tivities under  the  new  name,  TJie  American  Social  Hygiene 
Association.  Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot,  President  Emeritus  of 
Harvard  University  is  President  of  the  new  Association.  The 
Vice  Presidents  are,  Dr.  David  Starr  Jordan,  Chancellor  of 
Stanford  University;  Dr.  William  T.  Foster.  President  of 
Reed  College,  Portland,  Ore.;  Mr.  Felix  M.  Warburg,  T^ew 
York  City;  Dean  Walter  T.  Sumner,  Chicago.  The  As- 
sociation is  governed  by  a  Board  of  twenty-one  Directors, 
the  immediate  control  being  vested  in  an  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  seven  members  of  the  Board.  The  Executives  of 
the  Association  are  ^Mr.  James  Bronson  Reynolds,  counsel 
and  director  of  investigations.  Dr.  William  F.  Snow,  direc- 
tor of  medical  and  educational  activities.  The  Association 
has  the  support  and  advice  of  a  strong  list  of  honorary 
Vice-Presidents  and  an  Advisory  Board.    The  purposes  of 


144     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

the  Association  are  set   forth   in   the  constitution,  as   fol- 
lows: 

"To  acquire  and  diffuse  knowledge  of  the  established  prin- 
ciples and  of  any  new  methods  which  promote,  or  give  as- 
surance of  promoting,  social  health;  to  advocate  the  highest 
standards  of  private  and  public  morality;  to  suppress  commer- 
cialized vice;  to  organize  the  defense  of  the  community  by 
every  available  means,  educational,  sanitary,  or  legislative,  against 
the  diseases  of  vice;  to  conduct  on  request  inquiries  into  the 
present  condition  of  prostitution  and  the  venereal  diseases  in 
American  towns  and  cities ;  and  to  secucre  mutual  acquaintance 
and  sympathy  and  co-operation  among  the  local  societies  for 
these  or  similar  purposes." 

The  offices  are  located  at  105  West  Fortieth  Street,  New- 
York  City,  telephone  Bryant  2434.  All  communications 
should  be  addressed  to  The  American  Social  Hygiene  As- 
sociation. 

HOUSING. 

National  Housing  Association  (1910).  105  East  Twenty- 
second  Street,  New  York  City,  Lawrence  Veiller,  Secre- 
tary. Purpose:  To  improve  housing  conditions,  both  urban 
and  suburban,  in  every  practicable  way.  Plans:  For  the 
present,  to  do  intensive  work  in  those  cities  where  there 
is  already  a  housing  movement.  An  annual  conference  will 
probably  be  held.  The  organization  is  too  new  for  definite 
plans,  but  is  anxious  to  co-operate  with  other  national 
movements. 

CIVICS. 

American  Civic  Association  (1904).  Richard  B.  Wat- 
rous,  913-914  Union  Trust  Building,  Washington,  D.  C, 
Secretary.  Purpose:  To  cultivate  higher  ideals  of  civic 
life  and  beauty  in  America;  to  promote  city,  town  and 
neighborhood  improvement;  to  secure  the  preservation  and 
development  of  landscape  and  the  advancement  of  outdoor 
art.  It  aims  to  make  living  conditions  clean,  healthful  and 
attractive;  to  extend  the  making  of  public  parks;  to  promote 
the  opening  of  gardens  and  playgrounds  for  children  and 


Co-operating  Agencies  145 

recreation  centers  for  adults;  to  abate  public  nuisances — 
including  billboards,  objectionable  signs,  needless  noises,  un- 
necessary poles  and  wires,  unpleasant  and  wasteful  smok- 
ing factory  chimneys;  to  make  the  buildings  and  the  sur- 
roundings of  railway  stations,  schools  and  factories  attrac- 
tive; to  protect  existing  trees,  and  to  encourage  intelligent 
tree  planting;  to  preserve  great  scenic  wonders  from  com- 
mercial spoiliation.  Plans:  in  particular  to  urge  compre- 
hensive city  planning:  to  direct  a  national  crusade  against 
the  house  fly.  There  are  four  hundred  affiliated  societies. 
Has  an  annual  convention,  usually  in  November.  Pub- 
lishes propagandist  literature  and  instructive  bulletins  re- 
lating to  the  physical  improvement  of  cities. 

National  Municipal  League  (1894).  Clinton  Rogers  Wood- 
ruff, 121  South  Broad  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Secretary. 
Purpose:  To  promote  the  thorough  investigation  and  dis- 
cussion of  civic  organization  activities  and  administration, 
of  methods  for  selecting  and  appointing  officials  in  Ameri- 
can cities,  and  of  laws  relating  to  such  subjects;  to  co-ordi- 
nate the  forces  of  those  interested  in  municipal  integrity. 
Plans :  Extension  of  committee  work,  including  investiga- 
tion of  city  budgets  and  finances,  instruction  in  civics  in 
schools  and  colleges,  school  extension,  the  police  problem, 
franchises,  municipal  health  and  sanitation.  The  League 
asks  that  it  be  kept  in  touch  with  the  development  of  munic- 
ipal affairs  in  different  communities,  and  will  advise  in  local 
municipal  efforts.  Annual  convention  in  November.  Pub- 
lishes pamphlets,  leaflets,  clipping  sheets,  and  an  annual  vol- 
ume of  proceedings. 

Department  of  Surveys  and  Exhibits.  Russell  Sage  Foun- 
dation, 31  Union  Square,  New  York  City.  A  national  clear- 
ing house  for  advice  and  information  on  social  surveys  and 
exhibits  and  for  field  assistance  in  organizing  surveys  and 
exhibits. 

LABOR. 

American  Federation  of  Labor,  Frank  Morrison,  Secre- 
tary, 801  "G"  Street,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C,  has  many 
aims  and  departments  of  work  in  common  with  Social  Serv- 
ice Departments  of  the  Churches. 


146    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


WOMAN  LABOR. 

National  Women's  Trade  Union  League  of  America 
(1903).  127  North  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  III,  Mrs. 
Raymond  Robins,  President.  Purpose :  To  promote  the  trade 
organization  of  women  into  unions,  such  unions  to  be  af- 
fihated  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor;  to  show 
the  necessity  for  collective  bargaining  and  to  forward  labor 
legislation.  Plans:  Placing  of  women  organizers  in  the  field 
for  certain  trades;  investigation  of  occupational  possibilities 
for  women.  Organized  in  seven  cities.  Publishes  a  na- 
tional handbook  and  proceedings  of  conventions. 

CHILD  LABOR. 

National  Child  Labor  Committee  (1904).  105  East 
Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  Owen  R.  Love  joy. 
Secretary.  Purpose:  To  investigate  and  report  the  facts 
concerning  child  labor;  to  raise  the  standard  of  public  opin- 
ion and  parental  responsibility  with  respect  to  the  employ- 
ment of  children;  to  assist  in  protecting  children  by  suit- 
able legislation  against  premature  or  otherwise  injurious  em- 
ployment, and  thus  to  aid  in  securing  for  them  an  oppor- 
tunity for  elementary  education  and  physical  development 
sufficient  for  the  demands  of  citizenship  and  the  requirements 
of  industrial  efficiency.  Plans :  Investigation  of  conditions 
in  factory,  mine,  sweatshop,  street  trade  and  agricultural 
employment;  organization  of  state  and  local  committees; 
activity  in  states  holding  legislative  sessions;  co-operation 
with  school  authorities  for  development  of  practical  educa- 
tion. There  are  thirty-one  state  and  eight  local  commit- 
tees. Annual  meeting  usually  in  January.  Invites  corre- 
spondence on  child  labor  conditions  in  general,  and  on  fac- 
tory inspection,  compulsory  education,  and  vocational  direc- 
tion. Publishes  for  distribution  one  hundred  and  fifty  dif- 
ferent pamphlets. 

GENERAL    SOCIAL    WORK. 

International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,   124   East   28th    Street,    New   York   City,   has 


Co-operating  Agencies  147 

several  departments,  including  Industrial  Department,  C.  R. 
Towson,  Secretary;  Student  Department,  Richard  E.  Ed- 
wards, Secretary  for  Social  Service;  Immigration  Depart- 
ment, Peter   Roberts,   Secretary. 

National  Board  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associ- 
ation. 600  Lexington  Avenue,  New  York  City.  Has  several 
departments,  including:  Industrial  Work,  Miss  Florence 
Simms,  Secretary;  Immigration  Work,  Mrs.  Harry  M. 
Bremer,  Secretary;  Small  Town  and  Country,  Miss  Jessie 
Field,  Secretary. 

OTHER    GENERAL    BODIES. 

The  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction, 
The  Southern  Sociological  Congress,  and  other  bodies  have 
committees  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service;  and  the  Re- 
ligious Education  Association  and  other  similar  organiza- 
tions have   Social   Service  Departments. 

The  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Commission  on  In- 
dustrial Relations  has  communicated  a  desire  to  obtain  and 
render  assistance  in  co-operation  with  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil's  Commission, 


VI. 

THE  VOICE   OF  THE   CHURCHES. 


'npHIS  chapter  contains  some  of  the  utterances  of  various 
■*•      church  bodies   concerning  social   and   industrial   ques- 
tions, follow^ed  by  the  name  of  the  body  that  adopted  them 
or  issued  them. 


THE  SOCIAL  CREED. 

The  united  voice  of  the  churches  concerning  principles 
and  measures  of  social  progress  is  expressed  in  that  state- 
ment which  has  come  to  be  popularly  called  the  "Social 
Creed  of  the  Churches."  The  beginnings  of  this  are  in  a 
Statement  adopted  by  the  General  Conference  of  the  Metho- 
dist  Episcopal   Church   in   May,    1908: 

The   Methodist   Episcopal   Church   stands: 

For  equal  rights  and  complete  justice  for  all  men  in  all 
stations  of  life. 

For  the  principle  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  in  in- 
dustrial  dissensions. 

For  the  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous  ma- 
chinery, occupational  disease,  injuries  and  mortality. 

For  the  abolition  of  child  labor. 

For  such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  labor  for  women 
as  shall  safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the 
community. 

For  the  suppression  of  the  "sweating  system." 

For  the  gradual  and  reasonable  reduction  of  the  hours 

148 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  149 

of  labor  to  the  lowest  practical  point,  with  work  for  all; 
and  for  that  degree  of  leisure  for  all  which  is  the  condition 
of  the  highest  human  life. 

For  a  release  from  employment  one  day  in  seven. 

For  a  living  wage  in  every  industry. 

For  the  highest  wage  that  each  industry  can  afford,  and 
for  the  most  equitable  division  of  the  products  of  industry 
that  can  ultimately  be  devised. 

For  the  recognition  of  the  Golden  Rule,  and  the  mind 
of  Christ  as  the  supreme  law  of  society  and  the  sure  remedy 
for  all  social  ills. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches 
in  December,  1908,  a  report  was  adopted  on  "The  Church 
and  Modern  Industry."  In  this  report,  the  '"'Social  Creed 
of  Methodism"  was  expanded  into  the  following  state- 
ment: 

"To  us  it  seems  that  the  churches  must  stand — 

"For  equal  rights  and  complete  justice  for  all  men  in  all 
stations  of  life. 

"For  the  right  of  all  men  to  the  opportunity  for  self-main- 
tenance, a  right  ever  to  be  wisely  and  strongly  safeguarded 
against  encroachments  of  every  kind.  For  the  right  of  workers 
to  some  protection  against  the  hardships  often  resulting  from 
the  swift  crises  of  industrial  change. 

"For  the  principles  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  in  indus- 
trial dissensions. 

"For  the  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous  machinery, 
occupational  disease,  injuries  and  mortality. 

"For  the  abolition  of  child  labor, 

"For  such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  toil  for  women  as 
shall  safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  com- 
munity. 

"For  the  suppression  of  the  'sweating  system.* 

"For  the  gradual  and  reasonable  reduction  of  the  hours  of 
labor  to  the  lowest  practicable  point,  and  for  that  degree  of 
leisure  for  all  which  is  a  condition  of  the  highest  human  life. 

"For  a  release  from  employment  one  day  in  seven. 

"For  a  living  wage  as  a  minimum  in  every  mdustry,  and  for 
the  highest  wage  that  each  industry  can  afford. 

"For  the  most  equitable  division  of  the  products  of  industry 
that  can  ultimately  be  devised. 


150     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"For  suitable  provision  for  the  old  age  of  the  workers  and 
for  those  incapacitated  by  injury. 
"For  the  abatement  of  poverty." 

This  statement  was  adopted  and  changed  by  various  de- 
nominational bodies,  as  follows : 

The  National  Council  and  National  Brotherhood  of  the 
Congregational  Churches  of  America  added  to  the  declara- 
tion for  one  day's  rest  in  seven,  "Wherever  possible  on  the 
Christian  Sabbath,''  at  its  meeting  in  1910.  The  Presby- 
terian Assembly  of  1910  adopted  the  declaration  in  ex- 
panded form,  adding  statements  about  "the  obligation  of 
wealth,"  "the  application  of  Christian  principles  to  the  con- 
duct of  industrial  organizations,"  and  "a  more  equitable  dis- 
tribution of  wealth." 

The  Northern  Baptist  Convention  in  191 1  added  "mining 
disasters"  to  "the  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous 
machinery,  occupational  diseases,  injuries  and  mortality," 
,  and  added  to  "the  abolition  of  child-labor,"  "the  protection  of 
children  from  exploitation  in  industry  and  from  work 
that  is  degrading,  dwarfing  and  morally  unwholesome." 
Three  entire  new  statements  were  also  added,  as  follows: 

"The  control  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  earth  in 
the  interests  of  all  the  people. 

"The  gaining  of  wealth  by  Christian  methods  and  prin- 
ciples, and  the  holding  of  wealth  as  a  social  trust. 

"The  discouragement  of  the  immoderate  desire  for  wealth; 
and  the  exaltation  of  man  as  the  end  and  standard  of  in- 
dustrial activity." 

The  Presbyterians  of  Canada  in  191 1  passed  the  follow- 
ing resolutions: 

"Believing  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  church  to  show  that 
Christian  principles  apply  to  human  affairs,  the  General  As- 
sembly of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada  declares  its  belief 
in  a  program. 

"For  the  acknowledgment  of  the  obligations  of  wealth;  for 
the  application  of  Christian  principles  to  industrial  associations; 
for  a  more  equitable  distribution  of  wealth ;  for  the  abolition  of 
poverty;  for  the  protection  of  childhood;  for  the  safeguarding 
of  the   working  people   from  dangerous  machinery;    for  com- 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  151 

pensation  for  industrial  accidents;  for  the  regulation  of  work- 
ing conditions  in  other  ways ;  for  one  day's  rest  in  seven ;  for 
conciliation  and  arbitration  in  industrial  disputes ;  for  proper 
housing;  for  proper  care  of  dependents  and  criminals  and  the 
prevention  of  crime  and  vice;  for  pure  food  and  drugs;  for 
wholesome  recreation ;   and   for  international  peace." 

The  Unitarians  in  191 1  adopted  the  Baptist  declaration, 
and  added  two  new  statements,  as   follows: 

"For  proper  housing;  for  the  proper  care  of  dependents  and 
criminals ;  for  pure  food  and  drugs ;  for  wholesome  recreation 
and  for  international  peace. 

"For  such  safeguarding  and  extension  of  the  institutions  of 
democratic  government  as  will  permit  and  insure  the  main- 
tenance of  the  rights  of  all  against  the  encroachment  from  the 
special  interests  of  the  few." 

In  May,  i9i2,  the  Methodist  General  Conference  added  to 
the  Federal  Council  statement  of  1908,  the  following: 

*'For  the  protection  of  the  family,  by  the  single  standard  of 
purity,  uniform  divorce  laws,  proper  regulation  of  marriage, 
and  proper  housing. 

"For  the  fullest  possible  development  for  every  child,  especial- 
ly by  the  provision  of  proper  education  and  recreation. 

"For  such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  toil  for  women  as 
shall  safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  community. 

"For  the  protection  of  the  individual  and  society  from  the 
social,  economic,  and  moral  waste  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

"For  the  conservation  of  health, 

"The  phrase  'for  the  abatement  of  poverty'  was  amended 
to  read  'For  the  abatement  and  prevention  of  poverty.' 

These  changes  were  made  as  the  result  of  an  agreement 
among  the  social  service  Secretaries  of  the  various  de- 
nominations and  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  con- 
cerning the  best  form  for  "The  Social  Creed  of  the 
Churches." 

In  December,  1912,  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches 
adopted  this  amplified  form  with  two  further  additions,  so 
that  "The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches"  now  reads  as 
f  ollow^s : 

"The  Churches  must  stand  for — 

"The   protection    of    the    family,   by   the    single   standard   of 


152     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

purity,  uniform  divorce  laws,  proper  regulation  of  marriage, 
and  proper  housing. 

"The  fullest  possible  development  for  every  child,  especially 
by  the  provision  of  proper  education  and  recreation. 

"The  abolition  of  child  labor, 

"Such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  toil  for  women  as 
shall  safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  com- 
munity. 

"The  abatement  and  prevention  of  poverty. 

"The  protection  of  the  individual  and  society  from  the  social, 
economic,  and  moral  waste  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

"The  conservation  of  health. 

"The  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous  machinery, 
occupational  diseases,  and  mortality. 

"The  right  of  all  men  to  the  opportunity  for  self-main- 
tenance, for  safeguarding  this  right  against  encroachments  of 
every  kind,  and  for  the  protection  of  workers  from  the  hard- 
ships of  enforced  unemployment. 

"Suitable  provision  for  the  old  age  of  the  workers,  and  for 
those  incapacitated  by  injury. 

"The  right  of  employees  and  employers  alike  to  organize,  and 
for  adequate  means  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  in  industrial 
disputes. 

"A  release  from  employment  one  day  in  seven. 

"The  gradual  and  reasonable  reduction  of  the  hours  of  labor 
to  the  lowest  practicable  point,  and  for  that  degree  of  leisure 
for  all  which  is  a  condition  of  the  highest  human  life. 

"A  living  wage  as  a  minimum  in  every  industry,  and  for  the 
highest  wage  that  each  industry  can  afford. 

"A  new  emphasis  on  the  application  of  Christian  principles 
to  the  acquisition  and  use  of  property,  and  for  the  most  equit- 
able division  of  the  product  of  industry  that  can  ultimately  be 
devised." 

INDUSTRIAL  AND  SOCIAL  CONDITIONS. 

"Modern  industry  is  no  longer  an  experiment,  no  longer  a 
transition.  It  is  a  status,  a  state  in  which  the  life  of  mankind 
is  fixed  as  far  ahead  as  any  of  us  can  see.  It  claims  an  era 
all  its  own.  No  other  era  is  marked  more  disinctively  than  this. 
Its  characteristics  are  now  radically  different,  strangely  dis- 
connected with  the  more  remote  past,  and  still  more  mysteriously 
determinative  of  the  future,  into  the  unknown  and  unimagined 
possibilities  of  which  it  is  driving  us  at  a  pace  set  by  the 
weird  motive  powers  of  modern  times. 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  153 

"The  whole  world  recognizes  this  industrial  age  as  its  own 
The  last  of  the  hermit  nations  has  just  surrendered  to  its  sway. 
The  Crusades  did  not  break  up  the  medievalism  of  the  nations 
more  than  the  modern  industrial  migrations  are  breaking  down 
exclusively  national  boundary  lines  and  combining  the  peoples 
of  the  earth  into  great  international  co-operating  communities. 
Country  people  arc  still  pouring  into  industrial  city  centers. 
The  cities  are  as  surely  urbanizing  the  conditions  of  country 
life  and  labor.  Even  the  'agrarians'  are  becoming  'industrials.* 
Industrial  conditions  and  relations  fairly  constitute  the  conscious 
life.  They  almost  wholly  absorb  its  energy.  They  largely 
determine  the  character  and  destiny  of  immense  and  rapidly 
increasing  majorities  of  the  race. 

"Is  the  age  of  industry  as  truly  an  age  of  the  church?  Can 
it  be,  unless  the  church  recognizes  it  to  be  its  own  age  and  is 
recognized  as  belonging  to  it?  Does  not  this  recognition  of  the 
church  by  an  industrial  people  as  something  indispensably  their 
own  depend  upon  the  church's  dealing  in  the  terms  and  with  the 
conditions  under  which  the  present  people  are  living  their  lives 
and  earning  their  livings?  Must  not  the  ways  of  livelihood 
become  less  obstructive  to  and  more  identified  with  the  'way 
of  life'?  Can  the  churches  fall  short  of  interpreting  the 
gospel  in  terms  of  industrial  relationships  and  economic  values 
without  failing  to  be  understood  or  appreciated  by  the  people 
of  an  industrial  age? 

"The  sins  of  the  age  are  in  large  part  industrial  and  com- 
mercial. Should  not  salvation  be  as  directly  applied  to  com- 
merce and  industry?  The  fratricidal  strifes  of  the  age,  and 
even  its  international  wars,  are  industrial  and  economic  struggles 
for  commercial  advantage.  Has  the  church  no  gospel  of  in- 
dustrial peace  to  offer?  The  very  diseases  and  death  rates  of 
the  age  are  occupational  and  due  to  industrial  causes.  Are 
there  no  leaves  from  the  tree  of  life  for  the  healing  of  fhe 
nations?  The  personal  and  class  injustices  are  almost  wholly 
industrial.  Has  Christianity  lost  its  Amos-like  prophets?  The 
political  corruptions  which  shame  and  menace  the  states  of 
William  Penn  and  Abraham  Lincoln  are — as  everywhere  else 
— due  to  commercial  corruption.  The  very  vices  which  debauch 
our  youth  and  sell  our  maidens  are  artificially  increased,  perpet- 
uated and  protected  by  being  commercialized  for  the  profit 
that  is  to  be  made  off  the  loss  of  souls.  Is  there  no  arm  to 
save,  stretched  out  far  enough  to  prevent  the  loss  of  the  many 
as  the  prey  of  the  few? 
"The  legislation  of  the  age  is  industrial.    Has  the  gospel  no 


154     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

law  for  the  church  to  apply  to  protect  life  and  limb  in  the 
peaceful  pursuits  of  labor,  to  prevent  the  exploitation  of  child- 
hood's right  to  play  and  learn,  to  limit  the  hours  and  conditions 
of  women's  work  for  the  sake  of  girlhood,  wifehood  and 
motherhood?  Have  the  disabled  soldiers  in  our  vast  armies 
of  industry  and  navies  of  commerce  no  claims  upon  the 
church  to  induce  or  compel  the  industries  by  which  they 
lost  their  livelihood  to  recognize  them  as  the  'pensioners 
of  peace'?  The  captaincy  of  the  age  and  its  greatest  achieve- 
ments are  industrial,  attracting  men  and  women  of  the  choicest 
powers  and  capacities.  Do  they  not  need  the  incentive  and 
restraints  of  the  gospel  and  the  claims  of  the  church  upon 
their  social  service  for  the  community?  The  brotherhoods  of 
the  age  are  more  and  more  based  upon  the  bond  of  the  com- 
munity of  industrial  interests.  Can  the  church  brotherhoods 
be  brotherly  without  taking  fraternal  part  with  the  great  in- 
dustrial brotherhoods  in  settling  the  most  crucial  questions  of 
the  times?" — The  National  Council  and  National  Brother- 
hood of  Congregational  Churches  at  Boston,  Oct.  9-16,  1910. 

"There  are  many  phases  of  the  present  industrial  conditions 
in  the  United  States  which  cry  aloud  for  immediate  remedy. 
The  Church,  which  has  obligations  to  every  sort  of  interest 
and  person  in  the  community,  must  be  identified,  locally  and 
nationally,  with  the  whole  of  the  people  more  markedly  than 
with  any  part  of  them,  and  will  be  sensitive  to  every  influence 
which  affects  the  larger  constituency.  It  is  not  the  kinds  of 
men  that  should  command  the  Church's  attention,  but  their 
numerical  importance,  their  accessibility  and  their  conditions 
of  need. 

"Multitudes  are  deprived,  by  what  are  called  economic  laws, 
of  that  opportunity  to  which  every  man  has  a  right.  When 
automatic  movements  cause  injustice  and  disaster,  the  autonomy 
should  be  destroyed.  That  to  these  impersonal  causes  are 
added  the  cruelties  of  greed,  the  heartlessness  of  ambition  and 
the  cold  indifference  of  corporate  selfishness,  every  friend  of  his 
fellow  must  with  grief  and  shame  admit.  The  unemployed  are 
an  'army.'  The  'accidents'  of  factories  and  railroads  crowd 
our  institutions  and  tenements  with  widows  and  orphans.  The 
stress  of  reckless  competition  which  loads  manhood  with  oppres- 
sive burdens,  levies  upon  the  frail  strength  of  womanhood  and 
turns  sunny  childhood  into  drudgery,  dwarfs  our  stature,  saps 
our  vitality,  crowds  our  prisons,  vitiates  our  virtue  and  darkens 
our  old  age.  The  'homes'  of  the  wage-earners  in  our  great 
cities  are  an  indictment  of  our  civilization.    The  meager  income, 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  155 

which  is  easily  reckoned  sufficient  by  the  fortunate  who  are 
not  forced  to  live  upon  it,  is  without  warrant  of  reason.  The 
helplessness  of  the  individual  worker,  the  swift  changes  in 
location  of  industrial  centers,  the  constant  introduction  of 
labor-saving  appliances,  the  exactions  of  landlords,  add  un- 
certainty to  privation.  The  hazard  of  the  mine,  the  monotony 
of  the  shop,  the  poverty  of  the  home,  the  sickness  of  the 
family,  the  closing  of  the  doors  of  higher  opportunity  react  with 
dreadful  precision  upon  temperament  and  mars  character." — 
Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1908. 

"Our  problems,  nearly  all  of  them,  at  least,  go  back  to  the 
fundamental  one,  of  Industry.  We  are  not  unaware  of  its 
confused  ethics  or  of  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  securing  an 
industrial  equality  which  shall  ameliorate  our  social  wrongs, 
but  this  need  not  daunt  us  in  our  faith  that  the  Gospel  professed 
by  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  is  equal  to  the  task. 

"The  fact  that  to-day  social  unrest  pervades  the  favored  few 
and  not  only  the  unfavored  many,  is  a  luminous  sign  of  hope. 

"There  are  many — far  many  more  than  there  were  four  years 
ago — of  our  leaders  in  industry  and  commerce,  high-minded 
men,  with  sympathetic  hearts,  who  are  seeking  to  extricate 
themselves  and  their  fellows  from  the  toils  of  a  bewildered 
economic  system. 

"There  is  a  rapidly  increasing  host,  of  democratic  leaders, 
chosen  by  the  masses  of  the  people,  who  are  seeking  the  highest 
liberty  under  moral  law. 

"We  believe  that  these  are  to  displace  in  power,  those  whose 
spirit  is  bitter,  whose  selfishness  is  primary,  whose  philosophy  is 
determinism  and  whose  political  economy  is  that  of  a  some- 
times paternalistic  feudalism,  which  they  blindly  seek  to  conserve 
in  the  face  of  an  industrial  democracy  chartered  by  the  Gospel 
of  Jesus  Christ;  and  those  faithless  guides  of  the  people  who 
simply  worship  the  mammon  that  other  men  possess." — Federal 
Council  of  Churches,  1912. 

"Industrial  Conditions.  The  condition  of  affairs  in  the  indus- 
trial world  at  this  time  is  well  calculated  to  awake  questioning 
and  alarm.  In  many  communities  there  is  much  friction 
between  employers  and  employees,  with  frequent  labor  disputes, 
sometimes  leading  to  strikes  and  lockouts.  It  is  not  always 
easy  for  Christian  men  to  do  the  wise  and  helpful  thing  in  such 
cases.  But  for  them  to  do  nothing  to  know  and  remove  the 
causes  of  friction,  prevent  strikes  and  lockouts,  and  to  promote 
a  better  understanding  between  employers  and  working  people, 
is  a  pitiful  confession  of  weakness  where  it  is  not  cowardly 


156     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

evasion  of  duty.  The  men  of  the  church  in  every  community 
should  have  a  committee  on  conciliation  and  arbitration,  and 
in  a  brave  and  intelligent  way  they  should  accept  their  task 
of  making  peace  among  men." — Northern  Baptist   Convention, 

1913. 

"The  property  right  is  merely  one  conferred  upon  the  indivi- 
dual by  the  community.  Morally  it  exists  only  in  return  for 
social  service.  It  must,  in  every  case,  yield  to  the  needs  of 
humanity.  No  business  interests,  no  profit,  however  great,  can 
warrant  the  deliberate  deterioration  of  human  life.  Such  a 
principle  has  clear  implications.  To  illustrate  from  facts 
recently  brought  in  a  startling  way  before  the  public:  No 
Christian  employer  can  find  valid  ground  for  conducting  an 
industry  which  requires,  or  even  permits,  the  regular  employ- 
ment of  men  for  twelve  hours  a  day  seven  days  in  the  week 
at  a  wage  which  necessitates  the  work  of  women  and  children 
that  the  family  may  live. 

"Christian  society  ought  not  to  permit  the  existence  of  any 
industry  which  cannot  succeed  without  the  labor  of  women 
and  children  under  unnatural  conditions.  'Inasmuch  as  ye  have 
done  it  unto  one  of  the  least  of  these  my  brethren,'  is  the 
final  test  of  our  Christianity.  The  first  care  of  the  Christian 
employer  should  be,  not  his  profits,  but  his  men.  He  should 
think  not  so  much  of  getting  work  out  of  them  as  of  helping 
to  form  those  habits  of  industry  which  contribute  to  health 
and  character. 

"The  same  principle  governs  the  Church's  message  to  the 
laborer.  It  is  her  business  to  help  him  to  understand  his  own 
struggle  and  its  meaning.  He  must  learn  that  it  is  develop- 
ment of  the  whole  man  which  gives  his  struggle  dignity.  The 
better  physical  conditions  and  the  opportunity  for  recreation 
and  education  and  family  life  which  he  seeks  are  not  ends,  but 
means  to  the  end,  of  better  men  and  women.  His  unions  are 
justified  through  seeking  such  an  end.  When,  therefore,  he 
seems  to  stand  for  mediocrity,  for  the  diminution  of  opportunity 
for  individuals,  for  a  purely  class  interest  and  spirit  or  for 
violence,  the  Church  must  equally  reprove.  When  in  ignorance 
that  his  whole  present  advance  springs  from  the  Life  which 
the  Church  preserves  for  the  world  he  attacks  her  or  neglects 
her,  she  must  reach  out  in  tenderness  to  win  him  back.  Only 
in  sympathetic  touch  can  the  Church  find  the  way  to  that  hold 
upon  the  life  of  the  laborer  which  she  has  so  largely  lost." — 
Protestant  episcopal  General  Convention,  1910. 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  157 

"There  is  one  kind  of  poverty  that  is  often  a  blessing,  the 
poverty  that  promotes  industry,  ambition  and  enterprise,  the 
poverty  that  is  decently  housed,  that  has  plenty  of  sunshine 
and  fresh  air,  the  poverty  that  has  few  dollars  but  that  has  an 
abundance  to  eat  and  to  wear,  the  poverty  that  is  clean  and 
self-respecting,  and  ambitious,  and  buoyant  and  hopeful,  the 
poverty  of  our  fathers  and  of  our  fathers'  sons. 

"It  is  not  of  this  sort  of  poverty  that  we  speak,  but  of 
a  poverty  that  is  an  accursed  thing,  the  kind  of  poverty  that 
makes  a  man  go  hungry  and  wear  shoddy  clothes  and  rotten 
shoes,  that  compels  him  to  raise  his  children  in  the  slums,  that 
makes  life  a  blighted  thing,  that  makes  thieves  and  syco- 
phants of  men,  that  robs  them  of  dignity  and  tempts  them  to 
dishonor,  that  makes  them  discouraged,  bitter,  hopless,  blas- 
phemous, that  drives  them  to  seek  oblivion  in  drugs  and  drink, 
that  tempts  the  poor,  overstrained  girl  to  sell  her  virtue,  that 
gives  children  no  better  chance  for  vigorous  life  than  sickly 
plants  in  some  foul  cellar,  that  puts  a  blight  and  a  mildew  and 
a  slime  on  every  holy,  beautiful  possibility  of  life,  that  exacts 
grinding  unremitting  toil,  and  that  gives  in  return  not  life, 
but  bitterness,  that  consigns  to  a  life  as  empty  of  dignity  and 
gladness  and  hope  as  pit  or  tomb,  that  makes  the  spirit  sordid, 
harsh,  mean,  irreligious,  vengeful,  bitter,  anarchistic,  murderous. 
This  sort  of  poverty  Jesus  never  meant  to  have  with  us  always; 
it  is  in  his  eyes  monstrous  and  accursed  and  of  the  devil,  and 
from  it,  and  from  the  selfishness  that  permits  it  and  makes  it 
possible,  he  came  to  set  us  free. 

"If  the  religion  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  means  anything  to 
us  it  means  this :  That  we  cannot  enjoy  our  banquet  to  the 
full  until  all  hungry  ones  are  seated  with  us  at  the  table;  it 
means  that  there  will  be  restlessness  and  hot  discontent  in  our 
hearts  until  every  good  gift  of  God  which  is  in  our  hands  shall 
be  in  our  brothers'  hands :  it  means  that  the  supreme  interest 
of  our  lives  shall  be  to  take  the  chains  from  our  brothers' 
limbs  and  give  him  the  freedom  of  all  God's  glorious  king- 
doms; it  means  that  we  are  going  to  bring  back  the  glory  of 
God  into  his  heart  and  eyes,  and  that  we  are  going  to  put  a 
song  of  praise  and  thanksgiving  in  his  mouth;  it  means  that  we 
are  going  to  advertise  the  wrongs  of  men  and  in  the  spirit 
of  God's  own  Son  champion  the  weak  and  helpless  ones  of 
life;  it  means  that  we  are  going  to  crown  ourselves  with  their 
thorns  until  their  great  day  of  jubilee  shall  dawn." — United 
Presbyterian  Brotherhood  Convention,  1912. 

"In  the  civilization  of  to-day,  when  food  and  things  needful 


158     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

to  the  body  are  lacking,  the  kingdom  of  God  in  the  lives  of 
humanity  is  retarded. 

"When  the  great  merchant  princes  of  our  time  become  mil- 
lionaires, and  a  pitifully  small  wage  is  paid  to  the  girls  that 
work  in  their  emporiums,  do  you  think  religion  should  have 
anything  to  say  to  the  princes  of  finance? 

"When  the  prices  of  the  necessities  of  life  become  high 
through  juggling  of  the  markets,  so  that  little  children  in  our 
slums,  and  in  our  manufacturing  centers,  are  insufficiently 
nourished  and  clothed,  and  all  through  their  lives  their  bodies 
are  stunted,  do  you  think  that  religion  should  have  anything 
to  say  for  the  children? 

"When  vi^omen  are  driven  through  the  necessities  of  economic 
conditions  and  their  husbands'  greed  to  leave  their  homes  and 
their  children,  and  give  the  best  hours  of  the  day  to  work  in 
factories,  should  anything  be  said  to  lighten  their  burden,  and 
make  the   call   of   motherhood  of   supreme  importance? 

"When  public  school  education  is  centered  more  and  more  in 
our  cities,  and  the  social  work  of  multitudinous  activities  makes 
the  lives  of  the  city  dwellers  interesting  and  neighborly,  what 
should  be  done  by  our  country  churches,  to  make  more  pleas- 
ant and  neighborly  the  lives  of  the  folks  dwelling  in  the  remote 
rural  places  of  our  lands?  Does  religion  have  anything  to  say 
that  will  help  our  young  country  boys  and  girls  in  outlying 
districts  to  have  a  life  that  will  have  enough  of  good,  healthful 
fun  and  pleasure,  or  are  these  things  too  worldly? 

"If  economic  conditions  and  degenerate  children,  born  of 
diseased  parents,  make  possible  and  probable  the  brothels  of 
Christian  America,  should  the  Church  cure  the  disease,  or  should 
it  treat  only  the  symptoms,  after  the  disease  has  spread  through 
the  body  politic?" — The  Commission  on  Social  Service  of  the 
American  Christian  Convention. 

"The  problems  of  capital  and  labor  have  become  in  a  certain 
sense  the  paramount  concern  of  the  nations  of  the  world. 
Through  practically  every  avenue  of  publicity  the  people  are 
being  informed  as  to  modern  social  and  industrial  conditions. 
Complacency  can  exist  only  in  the  hearts  of  those  who  are 
ignorant  of  the  inequalities  and  injustice  of  our  present  social 
order.  To  know  the  truth  about  that  vast  underworld  of 
miserable  ones  who  are  the  victims  of  social  injustice  is  to 
bring  the  fever  and  unrest  of  a  quickened  conscience  within  us. 
Light  will  kill  any  evil,  monstrous  thing,  and  publicity  is  light." 
We  as  a  Church  are  to  concern  ourselves  more  and  more  in 
setting    forth    the    facts    in    regard   to    social   wrongs,    and    in 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  159 

using  the  strong  public  sentiment  thus  created  as  an  Instrument 
for  the  freeing  of  the  enthralled  and  oppressed." — General  As- 
sembly of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church,  1913. 

'in  order  to  preserve  the  Christian  civilization  which  our 
fathers  built  by  their  sacrifices  and  in  order  to  carry  it  for- 
ward to  fuller  perfection,  we  must  work  out  an  order  of  industry 
and  commerce  which  shall  be  at  least  an  approximate  expres- 
sion of  the  fact  that  all  men  are  a  great  family  with  one  Father, 
and  which  shall  embody  Christ's  law  of  love  and  service  in  the 
institutions  of  society.  The  great  awakening  of  the  social 
conscience  warns  us  that  men  are  coming  under  a  sense  of  sin 
as  to  our  social  order  and  are  feeling  the  craving  for  some- 
thing juster  and  nobler.  As  Americans  we  are  humbled  and 
shamed  when  we  find  poverty  and  degradation  establishing 
themselves  in  permanent  form  on  American  soil.  As  Christians 
we  have  a  call  which  brooks  no  refusal.  The  mind  and  heart 
of  the  Christian  Church  must  from  now  on  address  itself  to 
the  great  constructive  task  of  creating  a  Christian  economic 
order.  If  the  Church  lacks  boldness  or  vision  for  this  task, 
it  will  find  itself  outstripped  and  outbid  by  socialism." — Social 
Service  Message,  Men  and  Religion  Movement. 

"Back  of  all  the  problems  of  the  modern  world  lies  the 
fundamental  unrest,  amounting  often  to  open  hostility  and  war- 
fare, between  labor  and  capital,  between  men  and  women  on 
the  one  side  who  toil  with  their  hands  and  who  have  no  other 
economic  resources,  and  the  owners  and  controllers  of  the 
earth's  raw  materials  and  its  supplies  of  energy  and  power  on 
the  other.  This  immense  industrial  problem  is  too  vast  and 
complicated  for  such  a  commission  as  ours  to  deal  with,  but  it 
is  a  problem  we  may  as  well  realize  that  touches  every  feature 
of  modern  civilization  and  concerns  the  very  life  of  the  Chris- 
tian church.  Without  a  profound  transformation  of  the  exist- 
ing industrial  waring,  competitive,  individualistic  basis  of  human 
society  no  Kingdom  of  God  is  even  conceivable,  and  it  is  one 
great  mission  of  the  Church  of  Christ  to  lead  the  movement 
that  shall  produce  this  'profound  transformation'." — Five  Years' 
Meeting  of  Friends,  191 1. 

SOCIAL   JUSTICE. 

'•It  is  therefore  a  part  of  the  mission  of  the  church  to  pro- 
mote, in  every  possible  way,  the  cause  of  justice.  If  the 
church  would  be  true  to  its  Lord,  it  dare  not  keep  silence  when 
the  strong  oppress  the  weak  and  when  ruthless  tyrants  trample 


160     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

the  faces  of  the  helpless  in  the  dust.  If  the  modern  preacher 
is  seeking  for  models  of  courageous  speaking,  let  him  study  the 
utterances  of  the  Man  of  Nazareth.  We  dare  not  stop  to  ask 
what  it  may  cost  to  tell  the  truth  and  to  insist  upon  the  rule 
of  right. 

"Social  service  has  its  roots  in  brotherhood.  The  social  con- 
sciousness grows  with  the  growth  of  the  fraternal  spirit.  If 
we  are  genuine  followers  of  Christ,  we  shall  regard  every 
human  being  as  a  child  of  God  and  our  brother.  The  dwellers 
in  the  overcrowded  tenement,  the  pallid  toilers  of  the  sweat- 
shop, these  are  our  brethren.  The  exiles  of  the  under-world, 
the  victims  of  unhallowed  passions,  the  morally  wrecked  and 
the  down-and-out,  these  are  our  brethren.  By  the  most  solemn 
obligations  that  heaven  lays  upon  us,  we  are  bound  to  wage 
relentless  warfare  upon  everything  that  proves  itself  the  enemy 
of  our  fellow-men.  If  we  have  the  spirit  of  Christ  we  cannot 
rest  content  so  long  as  oppression  and  injustice  reign  in  the 
economic  world.  Whatever  wrongs  there  may  be  in  our 
present  system,  it  is  ours  as  Christian  men  to  study  conscien- 
tiously and  to  labor  devotedly  to  remove  them." — United  Pres- 
byterian Brotherhood  Convention,  1912. 

"That  there  should  be  equality  of  opportunity  for  all  men  to 
secure  health,  education,  and  the  fullest  realization  of  life  is  an 
essential  principle  of  a  religion  which  teaches  the  brotherhood  of 
man.  As  long  as  a  religion  exists  which  teaches  man  to  love 
his  neighbor  as  himself  it  creates  an  irrepressible  conflict  with 
conditions  which  predispose  any  man  to  ignorance,  disease  and 
immorality.  The  teachings  of  Jesus  demand  justice  between 
social  groups  as  well  as  between  individuals." — Methodist  Gen- 
eral  Conference,  1912. 

"We  affirm  that  Christianity  has  largely  created  the  present 
demands  for  social  and  economic  justice,  and  for  a  larger 
realization  of  human  rights  and  duties.  But  for  the  presence 
of  Christian  ideals  in  the  world,  the  consciousness  of  such 
problems  as  are  above  mentioned  would  not  exist.  It  is  be- 
cause of  the  leavening  work  of  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  that 
men  discern  the  moral  issues  involved  in  economic  relations. 
Our  social  problems,  then,  exist  by  reason  of  the  operation  of 
the  fundamental  principles  of  Christianity,  and  the  Christian 
Church  is  therefore  under  an  unmistakable  obligation  to  con- 
tribute to  their  solution."  —  Presbyterian  General  Assembly, 
1910. 

"The  moment  we  begin  to  consider  the  coming  of  the  King- 
dom  on   earth,   we   are   confronted   with   the   problem    of   the 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  161 

relation  of  our  present  social  and  economic  conditions  to  the 
ideal  conditions  under  which  the  Kingdom  must  be  realized. 
A  growing  number  of  Christian  men  and  women  see  that  con- 
ditions, social  and  industrial,  which  obtain  to-day  are  not  com- 
patible with  the  realization  of  the  Kingdom  of  God;  they  see 
with  increasing  clearness  that  these  conditions  do  not  tend  to 
the  physical,  mental  and  spiritual  welfare  of  the  great  mass  of 
men  and  women.  Social  philosophies  and  movements  springing 
up  quite  apart  from  the  Church  are  advancing  more  and  more 
radical  solutions  of  the  problem  of  industry,  which  is  at 
bottom  a  problem  of  justice. 

"It  is  patent  that  the  time  has  come  when  the  Church  must 
face  this  issue;  if  she  is  to  stand  as  a  Church  of  humanity,  she 
can  no  longer  afford  to  ignore  the  demand  or  the  challenge  of 
the  wage-earners.  This  is  no  mere  question  of  organized  labor 
or  of  unorganized  labor,  of  open  or  closed  shop,  of  wages  and 
conditions  of  employment.  It  is  a  question  of  the  attitude  of 
Christian  people  represented  in  the  Church  toward  the  prob- 
lems of  the  toilers  in  our  cities,  towns,  and  villages.  If  the 
Church  is  not  to  fail  in  her  duty  to  mankind,  she  must  demand 
justice  for  wage-earners,  and  so  much  reorganization  of  society 
and  industry  as  to  insure  that  justice." — Protestant  Episcopal 
General   Convention,   1913. 

"Whereas:  The  moral  and  spiritual  welfare  of  the  people 
demand  that  the  highest  possible  standard  of  living  should  every- 
where be  maintained,  and  that  all  conduct  of  industry  should  em- 
phasize the  search  for  such  higher  and  humane  forms  and  organi- 
zations as  will  generally  elicit  the  personal  initative  and  self- 
respect  of  the  workman,  and  give  him  a  definite  personal  stake  in 
the    system    of    production    to    which    his    life    is    given ;    and 

''Whereas:  The  most  disproportionate  inequality  and  glaring 
injustices,  as  well  as  misunderstandings,  prejudice,  and  usual 
hatred  as  between  employer  and  employee  are  widespread  in  our 
social  and  industrial  life  to-day;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  the  House  of  Bishops  concurring :  That  we,  the 
members  of  the  General  Convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  do  hereby  affirm  that  the  Church  stands  for  the  ideal 
of  social  justice,  and  that  it  demands  the  achievement  of  a 
social  order  in  which  there  shall  be  a  more  suitable  distribution 
of  wealth,  in  which  the  social  cause  of  poverty  and  the  gross 
human  waste  of  the  present  order  shall  be  eliminated ;  and  in 
which  every  worker  shall  have  a  just  return  for  that  which  he 
produces,  a  free  opportunity  for  self-development,  and  a  fair 
share  in  all  the  gains  of  progress.    And   since   such  a  social 


162     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

order  can  only  be  achieved  by  the  efforts  of  the  many  who,  in 
the  Spirit  of  Christ,  put  the  common  welfare  above  personal 
gain,  the  Church  calls  upon  every  communicant,  clerical  and 
lay,  seriously  to  take  part  and  to  study  the  complex  conditions 
under  which  we  are  called  upon  to  live,  and  so  to  act  that  the 
present  prejudice,  hate,  and  injustice  may  be  supplanted  by 
mutual  understanding,  sympathy,  and  just  feeling,  and  the  ideal 
of  thorough  democracy  may  finally  be  realized  in  our  land." — 
Episcopal  General  Convention,  1913, 

"In  a  righteous  economic  order  all  who  work  with  hand  and 
brain  must  have  the  full  reward  for  their  work,  as  nearly  as 
the  best  economic  intelligence  can  apportion  it.  But  if  the 
proceeds  of  labor  are  to  go  to  those  who  created  them,  they 
must  not  be  drained  away  in  other  directions.  Some  forms  of 
profit  to-day  are  so  enormous  that  they  offend  all  sense  of 
fairness,  and  those  who  receive  them  resort  to  devious  devices 
to  mislead  the  public  as  to  the  size  and  source  of  their  profit. 
There  has  never  been  an  economic  order  in  which  the  few 
have  not  wrested  the  fruit  of  their  toil  from  the  workers  under 
the  protection  of  law  and  custom,  and  in  so  far  as  that  was 
done  the  social  order  of  past  ages  was  not  the  reign  of  God, 
but  the  reign  of  mammonism  and  oppression.  The  course  of 
past  history  and  the  tremendous  inequality  of  incomes  to-day 
together  raise  the  presumption  that  many  receive  far  less  than 
they  earn  because  many  receive  far  more  than  they  earn.  The 
most  fundamental  form  of  social  service  is  to  put  a  stop  to 
unearned  profits.  No  other  sin  is  so  sternly  denounced  by  the 
Old  Testament  prophets  as  injustice  and  oppression.  No  form 
of  ministry  has  brought  so  much  suffering  on  the  prophets 
of  God  in  all  ages  as  the  protest  against  social  injustice  arid 
extortion.  We  cannot  evade  the  duty  to-day  unless  we  want 
to  heal  the  hurt  of  our  people  lightly  and  say,  'Peace,  peace,' 
when  there  is  no  peace." — Social  Service  Message,  Men  and 
Religion  Movement. 

CIVIC    ACTION. 

"It  goes  without  saying  that  much  of  what  we  call  social 
service  ought  not  to  be  necessary.  It  may  seem  a  derogation 
from  the  spiritual  mission  of  the  church  to  engage  in  the 
efforts  to  insure  the  justice,  the  better  conditions  of  life  and 
work,  the  wide  opportunity  for  individual  and  social  develop- 
ment, which  it  is  the  desire  of  voluntary  social  agencies  to  bring 
about.    But  until  actual  provision  is  made  by  the  state  or  other 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  163 

agencies  for  the  prevention  of  the  evils  and  the  meeting  of 
the  needs  which  are  helping  to  produce  the  social  unrest  of 
our  day,  the  church  must  stand  by  the  work,  just  as  in  former 
ages  she  stood  by  the  almsgiving  and  the  ministration  to  individ- 
uals, which  have  resulted  in  so  many  functions  of  our  present 
government — hospitals,  almshouses,  schools  and  the  like.  When 
government  or  other  agencies  shall  have  assumed  the  new 
obligations  which  new  social  and  economic  conditions  are  forcing 
on  us,  then  the  church  may  relinquish  her  share  in  the  work 
and  press  on  to  some  other  worthy  task.  But  service  of  some 
sort  must  always  be  a  part  of  her  divine  mission,  whether  that 
service  be  individual  or  social,  whether  it  be  the  service  de- 
manded by  conditions  or  problems  past,  present  or  future. 
Herein  is  the  summons  to  social  service  on  the  part  of  the 
individual  parish,  without  whose  support  the  efforts  of  diocesan 
or  national  social  service  agencies  must,  as  indicated  at  the 
outset,  be  largely  futile." — Protestant  Episcopal  Joint  Commis- 
sion, 1913. 

"It  ought  not  to  be  necessary  for  the  Church  to  resort  to 
legislation  for  social  uplift.  It  may  be  better  obtained  by  an- 
other process.  Should  this  Commission  be  obliged,  for  ex- 
ample, during  this  next  Quadrennium,  to  wend  its  way  among 
the  forty-eight  States  of  this  Union,  to  get  bills  passed  in 
their  legislatures  requiring  that  men  should  have  one  day's  rest 
in  seven? 

*'May  not  the  employers  of  labor  and  the  general  business 
interests  of  this  nation  unite  to  the  end  that  in  every  calling 
and  industry  the  seven-day  week  shall  be  abolished?" — Federal 
Council,  igi2. 

"If  the  church  is  to  co-operate  effectively  in  this  movement 
for  social  progress,  it  is  essential  that  individual  Christians  be- 
come more  effective  as  citizens.  They  must  keep  close  watch 
upon  their  representatives,  constantly  send  to  them  individual 
and  united  expressions  of  opinions  concerning  pending  legisla- 
tion, and  hold  them  to  strict  account.  When  we  realize  that  re- 
ligion must  have  a  civic  as  well  as  an  individual  expression, 
that  the  state  must  be  the  will  of  man  organized  to  do  the  will 
of  God,  then  the  social  program  of  Christianity  can  be  carried 
out." — Methodist  General  Conference,  1912. 

"The  Christian  Church  has  thus  the  threefold  vocation  of 
conscience,  interpreter,  and  guide  of  all  social  movements.  She 
should  determine  what  their  motive  and  conscience  should  be, 
inspire  them  with  that  motive  and  impose  that  conscience  upon 
them.    She  should   interpret  to  them  their  inner  and  ultimate 


164     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

meaning;  then,  with  a  powerful  mind  and  hand  and  heart, 
guide  them  toward  their  heavenly  goal.  Her  viewpoint  is  from 
above;  she  approaches  life  from  within;  she  guides  it  toward 
its  spiritual  ends. 

"Nor  is  the  Church  called  upon  to  assume  the  political  tasks 
or  duties  of  the  nation.  The  Church  is  to  do  her  work  in  the 
social  order  by  bringing  to  bear  upon  it  the  idealism  of  her 
Gospel  and  by  infusing  it  with  the  impulse  of  her  sympathy. 
The  business  of  the  State  is  to  bring  about  such  economic 
conditions  and  environment  that  the  idealism  of  the  Gospel 
may  have  as  clear  and  fair  a  field  as  possible.  It  is  this  that 
justifies  the  Church,  not  in  entangling  herself  in  economic 
machinery,  but  in  turning  to  the  State  for  a  co-operation  which 
will  enable  her  to  do  her  sacred  task." — Federal  Council,  1912. 

"We  are  learning  that  human  government  is  of  divine  origin, 
and  that  'the  powers  that  be'  are  ordained  of  God  for  the 
punishment  of  evil-doers  and  the  praise  of  them  that  do  well. 
Official  position  was  not  intended  by  God  to  be  a  'football  for 
politicians  to  kick  around,  but  a  vehicle  through  which  divine 
force  was  to  be  executed,  in  order  to  bring  in  the  reign  of 
righteousness  on  the  earth.'  The  Christian  of  to-day  cannot 
be  indifferent  to  this  divine  institution  and  still  be  true  to  God. 
It  is  a  great  and  open  door  to  service,  and  the  indifference  of 
the  best  is  the  opportunity  for  the  worst.  The  day  has  come 
when  philanthropy  must  join  hands  with  officialdom  in  chaining 
up  the  devil  through  the  enactment  of  good  laws,  that  will  be 
properly  enforced  by  righteous  servants  of  the  people." — Report 
of  the  Temperance  and  Moral  Reform  Dept.,  Methodist  Church 
of  Canada,  1911-12.  v*- 

"There  are  several  facts  which  we  believe  are  demanding 
careful  consideration  on  the  part  of  Christian  people,  and  no 
less  judicious  leadership  on  the  part  of  the  church. 

"The  church  is  not  called  to  do  the  work  of  the  school  or 
the  State,  but  the  church  is  called  to  inspire  men  and  women 
to  do  their  full  work  as  citizens,  and  to  train  them  in  the 
methods  of  fruitful  and  efficient  service. 

"In  emphasizing  the  importance  and  obligations  of  Social 
Service,  we  are  not  seeking  to  divert  the  church  from  her  true 
and  highest  mission.  We  are  rather  seeking  to  indicate  ways 
whereby  the  church  may  moralize  some  of  the  great  wastes 
of  our  social  life,  and  may  translate  the  ideal  of  Christ  into 
terms  of  social  blessing.  The  Christian  church  is  called  to 
lead  the  social  faith  of  the  world.  Christian  men  are  called 
to   make   the   social,   the   political,   the   economic   order   of   the 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  165 

world  the  outward  and  visible  expression  of  the  Christian  ideal 
and  the  spiritual  life.  In  a  word,  Christian  men  are  called  to 
build  a  Christian  community.  Christianity  will  not  have  its 
perfect  work  until  it  is  realized  in  a  Christian  society. 

"The  mission  of  the  church  is  a  high  and  holy  one,  and  the 
function  of  the  church  is  a  great  and  glorious  one.  The  mis- 
sion and  function  of  the  church  were  never  more  necessary 
than  now,  when  so  many  lower  ideals  and  partial  gospels  are 
being  preached.  The  prevalence  of  an  unchristian  socialism 
would  be  an  unparalleled  calamity  to  the  human  race,  but  the 
prevalence  of  an  unsocial  Christianity  would  be  no  less  an 
utter   denial   of   the   kingdom   of   God. 

"At  this  time  many  men  and  many  agencies  are  preaching 
various  doctrines  and  offering  certain  programs  of  social  ad- 
vance. It  is  not  for  us  to  criticise  those  men  and  programs. 
We  bid  everyone  godspeed  who  in  an  honest  and  good  heart 
is  seeking  to  correct  any  abuse  and  help  a  single  soul ;  and 
we  do  this,  though  we  find  their  programs  inadequate,  and  they 
follow  not  with  us.  Nevertheless,  Christian  men  who  find 
those  other  gospels  inadequate  and  their  programs  meager 
have  a  definite  and  solemn  responsibility  just  here.  That  is 
a  double  reason  why  Christian  men  with  their  truer  ideal, 
their  larger  faith,  and  their  divine  dynamic  should  hold  aloft 
the  Christian  ideals,  should  infuse  the  religious  spirit  into  ef- 
forts for  social  betterment,  and  should  lead  the  social  faith 
of  the  world.  No  more  urgent  task  is  upon  the  church  than 
this:  To  infuse  the  religious  spirit  into  social  work,  and  to 
show  that  social  work  is  fully  religious. 

"The  artificial  distinction  between  the  sacred  and  the  secu- 
lar has  been  gradually  fading  out,  leaving  only  a  more  clearly 
and  firmly  drawn  line  between  the  right  and  the  wrong.  The 
main  aspects  of  political  duty  and  privilege  have  been  lifted 
into  a  new  dignity  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other  hand 
the  movement  toward  a  genuine  democracy  has  come  to  be 
regarded  as  the  functioning  of  the  divine  Spirit  in  modern 
organized    life. 

"The  breaking  down  of  moral  standards  in  civic  action  in 
many  quarters,  under  the  pressure  of  organized  interests  in- 
tent upon  selfish  ends,  makes  the  duty  of  the  Christian  Church 
to  inspire  and  reinforce  the  popular  will  at  these  points  the 
more  imperative." 

"The  church  can  show  itself  wisely  sympathetic  with  the 
whole  growing  movement  toward  a  more  complete  and  ef- 
ficient  democracy.     The   salvation   of   the  people   can   only  be 


166     Year  Book'  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

achieved  as  they  work  at  it  themselves  with  fear  and  trembling, 
with  many  a  blunder  and  many  a  failure,  proving  all  things 
to  the  end  that  they  may  hold  fast  that  which  is  good.  And 
the  church,  knowing  that  God,  whose  tabernacle  is  with  men, 
is  working  in  this  movement  to  accomplish  His  good  pleasure, 
will  show  its  interest  by  furnishing  ample  supplies  of  inspira- 
tion and  of  moral  leadership.  It  can  only  show  itself  su- 
premely moral  and  able  to  save  souls  as  it  lends  a  hand  in 
the  solution  of  these  vaster  problems." — Social  Service  Mes- 
sage, Men  and  Religion  Movement. 

CAPITAL. 

"We  live  in  an  age  in  which  the  vast  enterprises  essential 
to  the  progress  of  the  world  require  the  association  of  men 
of  large  means  under  corporate  management.  Out  of  this 
necessity  have  grown  serious  wrongs  and  consequent  resist- 
ance. 

"Organized  capital  stands  indicted  at  the  bar  of  public  judg- 
ment for  the  gravest  crimes  against  the  common  welfare. 
Among  the  counts  in  that  indictment  are  such  as  these : 

"Conspiring  to  advance  prices  on  the  staple  commodities  in- 
dispensable to  the  life,  well-being  and  progress  of  the  people. 

"Resorting  to  adulteration  of  foods,  fabrics,  and  materials 
in    order    to    increase    profits    already    excessive. 

"Destroying  the  competition  in  trade  through  which  relief 
might  be  expected  under  normal  conditions. 

"Suborning  legislation,  and  thus  robbing  the  people  of  the 
first  orderly  recourse  of   the   weak   against   the   strong. 

"These  are  sins  against  humanity.  If  God  hates  any  sin 
above  another,  it  must  be  the  robbery  of  the  poor  and  de- 
fenseless. Otherwise  His  love  fails  where  it  is  most  needed 
and  might  find  its  largest  opportunity.  There  is  no  betrayal 
more  base  than  that  which  uses  the  hospitality  of  a  house 
to  plunder  its  inmates,  unless  it  be  that  form  of  treason  which 
so  perverts  the  purpose  and  machinery  of  popular  government 
as  to  turn  its  power  against  the  people  who  trust  and  sup- 
port it.  This  is  not  saying  that  all  corporations  deal  treach- 
erously with  the  people.  There  are  honorable  exceptions.  But 
enough  is  known  of  the  heartless  greed  that  fattens  off  of 
the  hunger-driven  millions  to  warrant  the  strongest  protec- 
tive associations  on  the  part  of  the  people." — Methodist  Board 
of   Bishops,    1912. 

"More  distinctly  do  men  discern  that  mere  power  does  not 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  167 

confer  a  moral  title  to  reward.  That  powerful  interests  have 
not  ceased  to  take  toll  of  our  labor,  to  levy  tribute  on  the 
people,  to  exercise  a  taxing  power  without  authority,  and  that 
they  are  thereby  continuing  to  amass  the  wealth  of  the  nation 
in   dangerous   aggregations,   there   is   common   consent. 

"That  a  large  part  of  this  is  in  the  nature  of  extortion,  that 
it  is,  in  too  large  m.easure,  the  cause  of  poverty  and  of  many 
of  the  evils  against  which  we  cry  aloud,  that  if  we  evade  it, 
we  are  still  trying  to  cure  effects  without  touching  causes,  and 
are  seeking  to  ensure  moral  evolution  without  taking  account 
of  resident  forces,  are  matters  of  public  conscience. 

"We  record,  with  deep  regret,  the  increasing  prodigality 
upon  the  part  of  irresponsible  men  and  women  who  have  come 
into  large  possessions,  and  we  would  point  out  the  clear  and 
intimate  relation  between  a  reckless  and  ostentatious  display 
of  wealth  and  the  revolutionary  and  defiant  demeanor  of  the 
multitudes  who  feel,  whether  rightly  or  wrongly,  that  it  is 
made  at  their  expense.  We  should  deplore  the  defiance  of 
sobriety  and  order  on  the  part  of  every  element  of  human 
society,  and  should  fix  the  blame  on  the  one  when  it  is  clearly 
the  cause  of  which  the  other  is  the  effect." — Federal  Coun- 
cil,  1 91 2. 

"Upon  those  whose  Incomes  are  derived  from  their  hold- 
ings in  mill  and  mine,  we  urge  the  social  danger  of  absentee 
ownership  and  its  grave  abuses,  and  we  plead  the  full  law 
of  human  responsibility,  reminding  them  that,  in  the  twenty- 
fifth  chapter  of  Matthew,  Jesus'  judgment  was  pronounced 
on  men  and  women  for  the  things  they  did  not  do. 

"The  difficulties  are  perplexing,  but  they  should  neither  lead 
us  to  indifference  nor  to  embrace  unavailing  phantoms. 

"We  heartily  commend  those  stockholders  of  great  corpo- 
rations who  have  sought  relief  through  the  light  of  publicity. 

"We  would  remind  those  to  whom  affluence  has  come, 
whether  by  righteous  or  unrighteous  means,  that  the  tendency 
of  our  day  upon  the  part  of  the  great  masses  of  the  people 
to  look  to  revolution  rather  than  to  the  process  of  evolution, 
for  their  uplifting,  is  largely  caused  by  the  way  in  which  so 
many  of  the  rich  flaunt  their  riches  in  the  very  face  of  the 
poor  and  emphasize  the  wide  gulf  between  Dives  at  his  table 
and  Lazarus  at  the  gate,  and  to  such  we  commend  the  teach- 
ings of  Jesus  upon  the  productive  use  of  wealth." — Federal 
Council,  1912. 

"There  is  no  finer  opportunity  for  service  in  our  day  than 
is  before  those  men  to  whom  have  been  committed  the  direc- 


168     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

tion  of  these  great  interests,  calling  for  clear  heads  and  sym- 
pathetic spirit,  and  to  these  saving  elements  it  is  becoming 
clear,  as  it  is  to  those  not  so  close  to  the  situation,  that  we 
may  take  our  choice  between  legitimate  and  wisely  guided 
democratic  organization,  as  a  conserving,  constructive,  evolu- 
tionary agency,  mingling  at  least  light  with  heat,  serving  not 
only  to  incite  but  also  to  restrain;  our  choice  between  this  and 
the  anomaly  of  unregulated  riot  in  the  very  cause  of  justice. 
For  revolution  is  here,  not  as  a  vague  and  idle  threat,  but  as 
a  stern  reality.  So  much  for  the  long-sown  seeds  of  our 
neglect. 

"Instead  of  solidarity  and  communal  action  for  the  uplift 
of  the  people,  we  may  have  mankind  destroying  the  plague 
of  injustice  by  burning  down  its  own  house,  and  meeting  social 
wrongs  by  social  wrong. 

"The  scene  is  shifting.  The  masses  of  the  people  are  di- 
vided among  themselves,  and  this  imminent  social  crisis  will 
give  the  church  the  sovereign  opportunity  of  all  her  history 
to  establish  peace  with  the  administering  hand  of  Justice.  She 
is  called  now  to  be  the  leader  of  leaders  of  a  bewildered  de- 
mocracy."— Federal  Council,  1912. 

"We  especially  commend  all  those  employers,  whether  in- 
dividuals or  corporations,  who,  in  the  conduct  of  their  busi- 
ness, have  exhibited  a  fraternal  spirit  and  a  disposition  to  deal 
justly  and  humanely  with  their  employees — particularly  as  to 
wages,  profit  sharing  and  'welfare  work,'  hours  of  labor,  hy- 
gienic conditions  of  toil,  protection  against  accidents,  and  will- 
ingness to  submit  differences  to  arbitration.  We  recognize  the 
perplexities  that  arise  in  great  industrial  operations,  and  sym- 
pathize with  those  who,  while  carrying  these  burdens,  are  yet 
striving  to  fulfill  consistently  the  law  of  Christy— Methodist 
General   Conference,   1908. 

"We  regard  with  the  greatest  satisfaction  the  effort  of  those 
employers,  individual  and  corporate,  who  have  shown  in  the 
conduct  of  their  business  a  fraternal  spirit  and  a  disposition 
to  deal  justly  and  humanely  with  their  employees  as  to  wages, 
profit  sharing,  welfare  work,  protection  against  accidents,  sani- 
tary conditions  of  toil,  and  readiness  to  submit  differences  to 
arbitration." — Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1908. 

"We  have  confidence,  therefore,  to  bear  a  special  message 
to  our  Chambers  of  Commerce  and  our  Associations  of  Busi- 
ness   Men    and    Industrial    Directors. 

"We  ask  them  to  adopt  openly  and  make  their  own  our 
social  platform  and  all  its  implications.     We  express  the  pro- 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  169 

found  belief  that  the  time  has  come  when  these  organizations 
must  earnestly  and  sympathetically  make  the  problems  of  the 
workers    and    the    people    their    problems. 

"We  remind  them  that  they  have  a  tremendous  power,  which, 
if  rightly  used,  could  solve  the  problems  of  society,  that  the 
great  multitude  of  evils  with  which  the  Church  is  called  upon 
to  contend — the  social  evil,  the  problems  of  the  welfare  of 
the  child  and  the  conservation  of  womanhood — are  largely  com- 
mercial, are  all  problems  of  industry  and  business,  and  should 
not  only  be  questions  of  moment  on  the  part  of  the  Church 
and  the  organizations  of  social  reform,  but  matters  of  con- 
cern upon  the  part  of  our  business  interests,  both  as  com- 
posed of  individual  Christian  men  and  as  organizations." — 
Federal   Council    of   Churches,    1912. 

"It  is  possible  that  some  men  may  come  to  think  of  social 
service  as  something  separate  from  and  additional  to  their 
business  life — something  to  be  done  on  Sundays,  or  in  the 
evenings,   or  by  committee  meetings  at  lunch  time. 

"But  as  a  matter  of  fact  a  man's  business  must  itself  be 
his  great  Christian  service.  If  in  and  through  his  business 
he  is  not  helping  to  build  the  Kingdom  of  God,  there  is  no 
way  in  which  he  can  make  his  life  Christian  by  additional  and 
different  activities  in  his  spare  hours.  Money  made  by  un- 
just or  harsh  methods  cannot  be  made  clean  money  by  being 
put  into  the  plate  on  Sunday;  and  a  life  of  unchristian  rivalry 
in  business  hours  cannot  be  turned  into  a  Christian  life,  by 
gentle  or  even  pious  conduct  after  business  is  over.  A  Christian 
life  is  a  life  devoted  all  day  and  every  day  to  the  good  of 
the  human  family,  of  which  we  are  members,  and  all  the 
great  staple  forms  of  industry  and  commerce,  inasmuch  as 
they  are  socially  necessary,  can  be  truly  regarded  as  social 
service  of  the  purest  and  highest  kind,  if  only  they  be  con- 
ducted in  accordance  with  this  great  Christian  principle  that 
the  family  must  be  thought  of  first  and  self  only  second." — 
Social  Service   Message,  Men   and   Religion   Movement. 

"The  duty  of  creating  a  righteous  economic  order  is  upon 
us  all,  on  the  employers,  the  workers,  and  the  public,  on  each 
according  to  the  power  he  holds.  Since  organized  capital 
undoubtedly  holds  the  predominant  power  in  modern  industry, 
the  chief  responsibility  must  fall  on  the  business  men  of  the 
nation.  They  must  use  whatever  initiative  their  business  con- 
ditions give  them  to  establish  wholesome  and  friendly  relations 
with  their  employees.  As  the  great  corporations  emerge  from 
the  reign  of  competition  into  financial  security,  they  must  de- 


170     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

vote  a  far  greater  part  of  their  attention  and  of  their  means 
to  the  welfare  of  the  great  armies  of  men  whose  life  and 
labor  is  their  most  important  asset." — Social  Service  Message, 
Men  and  Religion  Movement. 

LABOR. 

"We  cordially  declare  our  fraternal  interest  in  the  aspira- 
tions of  the  laboring  classes,  and  our  desire  to  assist  them 
in  the  righting  of  every  wrong  and  the  attainment  of  their 
highest  well-being.  We  recognize  that  the  fundamental  pur- 
poses of  the  labor  movement  are  essentially  ethical,  and,  there- 
fore, should  command  the  support  of  Christian  men.  We  recog- 
nize further  that  the  organization  of  labor  is  not  only  the 
right  of  the  laborers  and  conducive  to  their  welfare,  but  is 
incidentally  of  great  benefit  to  society  at  large,  in  the  secur- 
ing of  better  conditions  of  work  and  life,  in  its  educational 
influence  upon  the  great  multitudes  concerned,  and  particularly 
in  the  Americanization  of  our  immigrant  population.  While 
we  cordially  appreciate  the  social  service  rendered  the  commu- 
nity by  captains  of  industry  in  maintaining  large  business,  af- 
fording employment  to  hundreds,  and  by  their  products  serving 
the  needs  of  their  fellow-men,  yet  our  primary  interest  in  the 
industrial  problem  is  with  that  great  number  who,  by  their  con- 
ditions of  toil,  cannot  share  adequately  in  the  highest  benefits  of 
our  civilization.  Their  efforts  to  improve  their  conditions  should 
receive  our  heartiest  co-operation,  as  must  all  similar  effort 
on  the  part  of  employers  or  disinterested  organizations."— 
Methodist  General  Conference,   1908. 

"We  record  our  admiration  for  such  labor  organizations  as 
have  under  wise  leadership  throughout  many  years,  by  patient 
cultivation  of  just  feelings  and  temperate  views  among  their 
members,  raised  the  efficiency  of  service,  set  the  example  of 
calmness  and  self-restraint  in  conference  with  employers,  and 
promoted  the  welfare  not  only  of  the  men  of  their  own  craft, 
but   of   the   entire   body   of   workingmen. 

"In  such  organizations  is  the  proof  that  the  fundamental 
purposes  of  the  labor  movement  are  ethical.  In  them  great 
numbers  of  men  of  all  nationalities  and  origins  are  being  com- 
pacted in  fellowship,  trained  in  mutual  respect,  and  disciplined 
in  virtues  which  belong  to  right  character  and  are^  at  the 
basis  of  good  citizenship.  By  them  society  at  large  is  bene- 
fited in  securing  of  better  conditions  of  work,  in  the  Ameri- 
canization of  our  immigrant  population,  and  in  the  educational 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  171 

influence  of  the  multitudes  who  in  the  labor  unions  find  their 
chief,  sometimes  their  only,  intellectual  stimulus." — Federal 
Council,    1908. 

"That  workingmen  should  organize  for  social  and  industrial 
betterment  belongs  to  the  natural  order.  The  effort  of  the 
world's  toilers  to  secure  better  conditions  of  v/ork  and  larger 
possession  for  themselves  is  welcome  evidence  of  a  Divine 
call  within  them  to  share  in  the  higher  experiences  of  the  in- 
tellectual and  spiritual  life.  It  is  their  right,  as  it  is  the  right 
of  men  everywhere,  within  the  law,  to  combine  for  common 
ends.  Both  church  and  society  should  cease  to  talk  of  'con- 
ceding' this  right.  It  exists  in  the  nature  of  things.  We  do 
not  confer  it.  But  we  welcome  its  exercise.  'The  vast  mul- 
titudes of  working  people  have  a  vital  share  in  reshaping 
the  moral  standards  of  the  time.  They  are  at  heart  profoundly 
moral  in  their  ideas  and  desires.  Their  demands  are  an  in- 
fluence upon  the  conscience  of  the  nation.'  Despite  the  errors 
of  individuals  and  groups,  the  faults  of  spirit,  the  imper- 
fection of  methods,  and,  in  some  instances,  most  deplorable 
results,  organized  labor  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  influence  not 
hostile  to  our  institutions,  but  potent  in  beneficence.  When 
guided  from  within  by  men  of  far  sight  and  fair  spirit,  and 
guarded  from  without  by  restrictions  of  law  and  of  custom 
against  the  enthusiasms  which  work  injustice,  the  self-interest 
which  ignores  the  outsider,  or  the  practices  which  create  in- 
dustrial havoc,  trades  unionism  should  be  accepted  not  as  the 
Church's  enemy,  but  as  the  Church's  ally.  The  Church  believes 
in  the  Gospel  of  Christ  as  a  reality  in  this  world,  to  be 
realized  by  the  furtherance  of  social  justice;  it  may  not  adopt 
as  final  well-advertised  panaceas,  but  it  intends  to  study  and 
understand  fully  the. situation.  *It  is  not  content  with  announc- 
ing abstract  principles,  but  means  to  work  definitely  and  steadi- 
ly toward  the  translation  of  these  into  concrete  conduct.'  In 
this  theory  of  its  mission,  it  cannot  be  other  than  hospitable 
to  the  co-operation  of  any  individual  or  organized  force, 
springing  from  the  very  heart  of  the  need  it  seeks  to  under- 
stand and  meet.  It  may  well  accept  as  its  chief  responsibility, 
without  abating  its  efforts  to  remove  immediate  and  palpable 
evils,  the  creation  of  that  atmosphere  of  fairness,  kindness  and 
good  will,  in  which  those  who  contend,  employer  and  em- 
ployee, capitalist  and  workingman,  may  find  both  light  and 
warmth,  and,  in  mutual  respect  and  with  fraternal  feelings, 
may  reach  the  common  basis  of  understanding  which  will  come 


172     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

to  them  not  by  outward  pressure,  but  from  the  inner  sense 
of   brotherhood," — Federal   Council,   1908, 

"The  right  of  workingmen  to  organize  for  mutual  benefit 
and  protection  can  no  more  be  called  in  question  than  the 
right  of  the  men  of  any  other  class  to  organize  for  similar 
purposes.  The  attitude  of  the  Church  toward  organized  labor, 
like  its  attitude  toward  organized  capital,  depends  upon  cir- 
cumstances. It  may  agree  or  it  may  disagree  with  either  or 
both,  according  as  one  or  other  keeps  or  fails  to  keep  the 
Golden    Rule    of    charity    and    fair    dealing. 

"The  Church  stands  for  righteousness  and  justice  and 
brotherly  love,  and  so  far  as  the  organization  of  labor  tends 
to  secure  these  ends,  the  Church  approves  it." — Protestant  Epis- 
copal Diocese  of  Chicago,  1909. 

"In  the  face  of  a  prejudice  and  an  hostility,  for  which  there 
are  serious  reasons,  we  are  convinced  that  the  organization 
of  labor  is  essential  to  the  well  being  of  the  working  people. 
It  is  based  upon  a  sense  of  the  Inestimable  value  of  the  in-» 
dividual  man.  'The  cause  of  labor  is  the  effort  of  men,  being 
men,  to  live  the  life  of  men/  Its  purpose  is  to  maintain  such 
a  standard  of  wages,  hours  and  conditions  as  shall  afford  every 
man  an  opportunity  to  grow  in  mind  and  In  heart.  Without 
organization  the  standard  cannot  be  maintained  in  the  midst 
of  our  present  commercial  conditions." — Protestant  Episcopal 
General   Convention,   1904. 

"We  therefore  declare  our  approval  of  labor  organizations 
and  other  defensive  alliances  of  all  whose  interests  are  threat- 
ened or  invaded.  Such  united  and  unified  action  is  their  only 
recourse  under  present  conditions.  At  the  same  time  we  can- 
not ignore  the  fact  that  organized  labor  also  faces  public 
judgment  on  the  charge  of  lawless  rioting,  violence,  and  even 
murder,  in  its  efforts  to  enforce  its  decrees,  and  that  its  rules 
seem  to  unfairly  affect  apprenticeship  and  abridge  the  right 
of  non-union  men  to  learn  what  trade  they  will,  and  to  dis- 
pose of  their  own  services  as  they  choose.  We  would  admon- 
ish our  people  who  are  members  of  labor  unions  that  no  cir- 
cumstances short  of  personal  peril  under  dangerous  assault 
can  justify  violent  or  lawless  methods  in  seeking  relief  from 
hard  conditions.  Nor  should  any  Christian  deny  to  another 
person  the  right  of  individual  choice  In  the  disposal  of  his 
own  services.  Principles  are  greater  than  present  personal 
exigencies,  and  no  man  can  afford  to  violate  the  principle 
under  which  he  himself  claims  protection.  The  same  is  true 
of  a  church  or  any  other  institution.     We  regard  the  use  of 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  173 

the  'blacklist'  and  the  'boycott'  as  of  the  nature  of  conspir- 
acy against  the  rights  of  individual  judgment  and  conscience, 
and  un-American  in  principle  and  extremely  dangerous  in  ten- 
dency."— Methodist  Board   of  Bishops,   1912. 

"More  clearly  does  society  now  recognize  the  right  and  the 
duty  of  our  people,  and  especially  the  industrial  workers,  to 
seek  proper  organizaton  for  justice,  conciliation  and  arbitra- 
tion. Just  as  strongly  does  it  feel  that  such  organization  itself 
should  be  under  the  higher  law  which  it  invokes."— F^^f^ra/ 
Council,   igi2. 

"The  emancipation  of  the  working  class  must  come  from  the 
workers  themselves,  if  it  is  to  have  durability  and  moral 
value.  They  must  organize  and  learn  through  concerted  ac- 
tion. The  organization  of  labor  has  come  to  stay.  Those  who 
are  opposing  it  are  seeking  to  check  the  manifest  destiny  of 
industrial  society.  The  instinct  of  solidarity  that  has  grown 
up  in  the  ranks  of  labor  is  the  form  which  the  great  human 
instinct  of  love  must  take  under  the  circumstances.  If  labor 
organizations  have  at  times  taken  unwise  action  or  resorted 
to  dangerous  methods,  we  remember  that  other  great  historic 
movements,  such  as  democracy,  and  even  the  Christian  church 
have  moved  forward  through  mistakes  and  sins.  Christians  within 
the  unions  must  seek  still  more  to  make  them  the  moral  edu- 
cators of  the  working  class  by  which  the  workers  will  be 
prepared  for  the  larger  economic  and  social  responsibilities 
of  the  future.  And  Christians  outside  of  the  unions  must  help 
them  on  with  praise  and  blame,  but  always  in  the  spirit  of 
brotherly  good  will  and  sympathy." — Social  Service  Message, 
Men  and  Religion  Movement. 


INDUSTRIAL    DEMOCRACY. 

"At  this  time  the  great  principle  of  Christian  brotherhood 
is  seeking  a  new  interpretation  and  application.  The  people 
from  the  churches  should  realize  their  opportunity  and  their 
duty  at  this  point,   and  may  perform  a  most  notable   service. 

"The  principle  of  brotherhood  will  have  little  meaning  and 
power  till  it  is  applied  all  along  the  line  of  life.  The  men 
of  the  churches  will  seek  to  express  and  realize  the  principle 
of  brotherhood,  not  only  in  the  church,  but  in  the  city  life, 
in  politics,  in  business,  and  in  industry.  And  they  will  neither 
be  put  off  with  empty  professions  and  indefinite  platitudes,  nor 
will   they  be   deterred   by   the   warnings   of   timid  time-servers 


174     Year  BooK  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

and  the  pleas  of  Interested  self-seekers.  The  men  of  good 
will  caanot  rest  till  such  an  industrial  order  exists  as  will 
enable  every  man  to  earn  and  eat  his  daily  bread.  The  men 
of  the  church  may,  therefore,  very  properly  study  all  such 
methods  of  industrial  brotherhood  as  profit-sharing,  labor  co- 
partnership, co-operative  production  and  distribution,  State  and 
municipal  ownership,  and  operation  of  natural  resources." — 
Baptist  Northern   Convention,   1913. 

"The  Democratic  control  of  industry. — The  principle  of 
democracy  is  essential  to  the  Christian  conception  of  man  and 
of  society.  Under  the  stimulus  of  Christianity  this  principle 
has  been  largely  realized  in  government,  and  its  extension  in 
industrial  relationships  is  equally  demanded  by  the  social  ideal 
of  the  gospel.  The  autocratic  control  of  industry  by  any 
group  of  men  without  regard  to  the  rights,  either  of  other 
groups  who  contribute  to  the  industrial  process,  or  of  the 
public,  is  therefore  contrary  to  Christian  standards.  The  im- 
mediate application,  in  every  industry,  of  the  principle  of  col- 
lective bargaining,  is  not  only  essential  to  the  protection  of  the 
modern  industrial  worker,  but  it  is  the  first  step  toward  that 
co-operative  control  of  both  the  process  and  proceeds  of 
mdustry  which  will  be  the  ultimate  expression  of  Christianity 
in  industrial  relationship." — Methodist  General  Conference, 
1912. 

THE   CLASS    STRUGGLE. 

"Christianity  proposes  for  all  human  beings,  and  aims  to 
create  in  them,  the  best  life  of  which  they  are  individually 
capable.  It  prescribes  as  a  normal  standard  of  living  for  every 
individual  such  conditions  as  will,  to  the  utmost  degree,  pro- 
mote the  best  life.  A  Christian  civilization  is  that  in^  which 
the  whole  power  of  society  is  exerted  to  establish  and  main- 
tain a  normal  standard  of  living  for  all  equally. 

"In  Christian  ethics,  all  members  of  society  are  equally  bound, 
to  the  limit  of  their  ability,  to  do  such  useful  labor  as  may 
be  necessary  in  order  to  maintain  a  normal  standard  of  living, 
and  to  promote  the  best  life  equally  for  all.  All  of  those 
who  so  labor  constitute  the  world's  working  class.  All  who 
cannot  so  labor  as  to  earn  a  normal  living  constitute  the 
world's  dependent  class.  All  who  can,  but  do  not  so  labor, 
but  who,  by  force,  fraud,  special  privilege  or  social  malad- 
justment, appropriate  to  their  own  use  the  benefit  of  others' 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  175 

toil  constitute  the  world's  shirking,  parasitical,  predatory, 
exploiting,  thieving,  robbing  or  plundering  class.  The 
lines  of  division  separating  these  several  classes  are 
not  always  perfectly  distinct.  A  person  or  a  pursuit  may 
be  partly  useful  and  partly  parasitical.  A  person  may  work 
hard  at  a  useless  or  injurious  business.  There  may  be  bad 
economy  and  waste  inr  the  management  of  a  business  intrinsi- 
cally good.  Sometimes  the  character  of  a  business,  whether 
good  or  bad,  may  not  be  clearly  obvious.  But  broadly,  and 
for  purposes  of  economic  and  moral  analysis,  society  is  com- 
posed of  these  three  classes:  producers,  plunderers  and  pen- 
sioners. 

"Between  the  working  class  and  the  predatory  class  there 
is  ceaseless  conflict  of  interest  and  eflfort.  The  plunderers 
evermore  seek  to  enrich  themselves  at  the  expense  of  the 
workers;  and  the  workers,  so  far  as  they  know  and  have 
power,  resist  spoliation.  Sometimes,  incidentally,  factional  di- 
visions and  strife  arise  within  each  of  these  classes,  array- 
ing workingmen  against  workingmen  or  exploiters  against  ex- 
ploiters. But  between  the  workers  and  the  exploiters,  as  econ- 
omic classes  into  which  society  as  a  whole  is  divided,  the 
conflict  of  interest  and  effort  is  fundamental,  worldwide  and 
constant. 

"In  this  struggle,  each  class  seeks  to  utilize  the  powers  of 
organization  and  of  social  control,  economic  and  political. 
The  results  of  this  struggle  for  social  control  are,  first,  to 
create  a  servile  class  and  a  master  class;  and,  secondly,  to 
create  or  intensify  a  vast  brood  of  evils,  such  as  slavery, 
peonage,  oppression,  war,  political  corruption,  poverty,  misery, 
disease,    vice,    crime,    inhumanity,    ignorance    and    brutality. 

"In  order  to  eliminate  these  evils,  society  must  eliminate 
the  class  struggle  out  of  which  they  spring.  But  this  can 
be  done  only  by  the  emancipation,  conservation,  education  and 
socialization  of  the  working  class  as  a  whole ;  by  the  eradica- 
tion of  the  exploiting  class  in  all  of  its  forms,  and  by  the 
adequate  protection  and  support  of  the  helpless  class.  To  do 
these  things   is  the  task  of   the  working  class. 

"In  relation  to  that  task,  the  true  functions  of  the  church 
are  to  make  common  cause  with  the  working  class,  as  a  whole, 
as  its  advocate,  inspirer  and  moral  guide;  to  hold  up  the 
ideal  of  a  Christian  civilization  as  the  true  goal  of  industrial 
organization ;  and  to  promote  amongst  the  workers  intelligent 
concert  of  action,  both  economic  and  political,  for  their  com- 
mon  welfare   and    for   the    adequate   care   of   the   helpless. 


176     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"We  believe  these  principles  to  be  in  harmony  with  the 
history  and  principles  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  and  we 
propose  them  as  a  basis  for  future  action." — Indiana  Baptist 
Convention,  1910. 

SOCIAL    MOVEMENTS."^ 

'The  movement  bearing  the  name  of  Socialism  is  one  of  the 
most  significant  signs  of  the  times.  It  is  a  movement  world- 
wide in  scope  and  growing  in  momentum.  The  name  Social- 
ism is  a  more  or  less  indefinite  one,  and  covers  the  whole 
movement  for  social  reform.  But,  after  all,  the  term  has  a 
quite  definite  content,  and  includes  specific  efforts  for  the 
social  ownership  and  control  of  the  means  of  production  and 
distribution.  Two  things  should  be  kept  in  mind  in  all  our 
thought  on  this  question :  Socialism  is  both  a  protest  and  a 
program.  In  the  first  sense  it  is  a  protest  against  the  social 
and  economic  injustice  in  the  world ;  it  afiirms  the  worth  of 
every  man  and  demands  that  every  life  shall  have  a  fair  in- 
heritance in  society.  In  the  second  sense  it  is  a  program  seek- 
ing to  equalize  opportunity,  to  socialize  the  resources  of  the 
earth,  and  to  place  the  control  of  industry  in  the  hands  of 
the  people.  This  question  in  all  of  its  aspects  should  be  most 
carefully  studied  by  all  of  our  people.  We  should  know  what 
are  the  wrongs  and  injustice  in  society,  which  give  Socialism 
its  strongest  arguments;  we  should  know  how  far  the  ills  of 
society  are  curable  by  social  action;  and  we  should  spread 
such  a  conscience  as  will  lead  to  a  just  solution  of  the  prob- 
lem of  society.  The  whole  social  question,  the  question  how 
men  shall  live  together  in  society  and  share  in  the  resources 
of  the  earth  in  terms  of  fair  equality,  is  up  for  a  hearing,  and 
the  church  that  cannot  lead  men's  thought  on  this  question 
will  not  hold  a  very  large  place  in  the  coming  years." — Bap- 
tist  Northern    Convention,    1912. 

"The  altruism  of  the  Gospel  is  developing  a  class  of  men 
who  find  a  personal  reward  in  the  good  of  the  community 
which  has  nourished  them.  We  have  accomplished  some  forms 
of  socialistic  organizations,  which  have  enriched  the  life  of 
the  community  and  have  increased  the  power  and  the  range 
of  influence  of  the  individual  and  have  greatly  enhanced  the 
rewards  of  personal  effort.  Therefore,  in  the  controversies 
between  individualism  and  the  many  forms  of  socialism,  we  may 
as    a    Church,    declare    in    favor    of    any    form    of    communal 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  177 

organization  which,  while  it  enriches  the  life  of  the  com- 
munity, will  also  increase  the  functions  and  development  of 
the  individual — the  organization  of  trusts  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  enter  them,  leading  the  way  to  the  final  trust  in 
which  the  forces  of  the  community  will  be  used  for  the  re- 
mforcement  of  the  power  and  the  enrichment  of  the  life  of 
all    the    individuals    composing    it. 

"Further,  in  common  fairness  we  must  admit  that  all  we 
claim  as  our  right  in  the  community  is,  on  the  average,  the 
right  of  all.  We  have  accepted  the  benefit  of  a  good  home, 
a  public  school  education,  etc.  We  should  see  to  it,  as  far 
as  we  can  by  Christian  effort,  by  economic  reform  and  by 
legal  enactments,  that  these  benefits  are  not  denied  to  any. 
Thus  we  love  our  neighbor  as  ourselves. — Methodist  Church  of 
Canada,  General  Conference,  igio. 

"The  principle  of  democracy  has  triumphed  in  church  and 
state,  and  has  put  an  end  to  the  grosser  forms  of  oppres- 
sion and  wrong  in  both.  The  same  principle  must  pervade 
and  readjust  the  organizations  of  industry  and  commerce.  In- 
dustrial democracy  is  our  Christian  destiny,  ^nd  henceforth 
a  man's  Christianity  will  have  to  be  measured  to  some  degree 
by  the  willingness  and  enthusiasm  with  which  he  sets  his  face 
to  meet  that  destiny." — Social  Service  Message,  Men  and  Re- 
ligion  Movement. 

WEALTH   AND  PROPERTY. 

"For  the  acknowledgment  of  the  obligations  of  wealth. 

"The  Church  declares  that  the  getting  of  wealth  must  be 
in  obedience  to  Christian  ideals,  and  that  all  wealth,  from 
whatever  source  acquired,  must  be  held  or  administered  as 
a  trust  from  God  for  the  good  of  fellow-man.  The  Church 
emphasizes  the  danger,  ever  imminent  to  the  individual  and  to 
society  as  well,  of  setting  material  welfare  above  righteous 
life.  The  Church  protests  against  undue  desire  for  wealth, 
untempered  pursuit  of  gain,  and  the  immoderate  exaltation 
of   riches. 

"For  the  application  of  Christian  principles  to  the  conduct 
of   industrial   organizations,   whether   of   capital   or   labor. 

"For   a   more   equitable   distribution   of   wealth. 

"We  hold  that  the  distribution  of  the  products  of  industry 
ought  to  be  made  such  that  it  can  be  approved  by  the  Christian 
conscience."' — Presbyterian    General   Assembly,    1910. 


178     Year  Boot  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

"We  urge  a  deeper  sense  of  the  value  of  productive  thought, 
and  toil  and  wealth.  To  create,  for  the  benefit  of  all,  is  the 
highest  end  for  the  investment  of  talent,  toil,  and  of  material 
possession.  Hence  every  industrial  and  commercial  enterprise 
that  ministers  to  wholesome  life  and  substantial  prosperity 
should  be  encouraged  and  honored,  and  every  device  that  aims 
to  secure  something  for  nothing  should  be  discountenanced 
and  condemned.  Return  and  reward  are  just,  only  as  they 
measure  their  moral  equivalent,  however  it  may  be  expressed 
in  its  material  terms." — Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1912. 

"It  cannot  be  denied  that  in  recent  years,  notwithstanding 
the  vast  accumulation  of  wealth  in  the  hands  of  a  privileged 
few,  there  has  been  no  corresponding  gain  to  labor;  that  our 
modern  competitive  industrial  system  results  in  conditions 
which  are  essentially  unchristian,  and  unjust  to  the  men  who 
produce  the  wealth  in  which  they  so  unequally  share;  that  in 
every  industrial  community,  poverty  due  to  insufficient  wages 
and  uncertainty  of  employment  is  to  a  large  extent  responsible 
for  the  existing  discontent,  crime,  immorality  and  alienation 
from  religion,  and  that  the  Church  is  to  a  large  degree  iden- 
tified with  the  capitalistic  class,  and  that  its  influence  is  used 
to  uphold  the  existing  economic  system." — Protestant  Epis- 
copal Diocese  of  Chicago,  1909. 

THE    UNEARNED    INCREMENT    IN    LAND    VALUES. 

"Your  Committee  has  considered  the  memorials  on  the  land 
question  submitted  to  it.  Believing  that  'The  earth  is  the 
Lord's,  and  the  fullness  thereof,*  and  that  under  the  provi- 
dence of  God  the  state  is  the  trustee  whose  duty  it  is  to 
enact  the  conditions  under  which  these  Divine  gifts  should 
be  used  for  the  benefit  of  all,  we  therefore,  condemn  the 
handing  over  of  large  tracts  of  land  to  individuals  and  cor- 
porations without  attaching  conditions  which  would  prevent 
their  being  held  for  speculative  purposes  only.  Whenever 
vested  rights  are  not  interfered  with,  we  recommend  legisla- 
tion which  will  prevent  any  individual  or  corporation  from 
profiting  hereafter  from  the  unearned  increment  in  the  value 
of  land.  We  note  with  pleasure  the  experiments  which  are 
now  being  made  in  Great  Britain,  the  city  of  Vancouver,  and 
other  western  towns,  in  organizing  their  finance  on  the  basis 
of  a  tax  on  land  values.  We  shall  have  opportunity  to  deter- 
mine, experimentally,  how   far  this  method  may  prove  to  be 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  179 

a  panacea  for  economic  ills." — Methodist  Church  of  Canada, 
General    Conference,    1910. 

"In  a  righteous  social  order  all  should  be  both  owners  and 
workers.  From  the  point  of  view  of  the  kingdom  of  God  we 
cannot  consent  to  a  condition  in  which  some  have  all  the  en- 
joyment of  wealth  without  the  wholesome  moral  influence 
of  productive  labor,  and  in  which  others  have  all  the  burden 
of  unending  toil  without  the  wholesome  moral  influence  of 
property.  The  goal  of  our  economic  development  should  be 
to  secure  for  the  modern  industrial  workers  some  recognized 
property  right  in  the  shops  in  which  they  work,  such  as  the 
old-fashioned  mechanic  had  in  his  shop  and  tools.  How  the 
working  class  can  win  an  increasing  share  of  property  rights 
is  the  problem  of  the  future.  It  will  demand  of  the  wage- 
workers  high  qualities  of  good  sense,  self-restraint  and  solid- 
arity. It  will  demand  of  the  present  owners  a  strong  sense 
of  justice  and  humanity,  educational  ability  and  the  power  of 
moral  leadership  if  the  transition  is  to  be  made  peaceably  and 
wisely.  We  hail  with  deep  satisfaction  the  increasing  in- 
stances where  individual  employers  and  large  corporations 
have  introduced  methods  of  profit-sharing  that  have  really 
shared,  and  have  not  been  mere  devices  to  force  an  increase 
in  the  output  of  labor.  In  this  direction  lies  the  industrial  mis- 
sion of  Christianity  for  men  of  wealth  and  organizing  abil- 
ity."— Social    Service   Message,   Men   and    Religion    Movement. 

"Economic  injustice  has  at  all  times  entrenched  itself  in  the 
ownership  of  the  land  and  its  resources.  The  earth  and  its 
natural  wealth  is  always  the  gift  of  God  to  every  new  gen- 
eration. If  any  one  claims  any  part  of  the  land  as  his  own,  his 
rights  are  subject  to  the  needs  of  the  common  welfare,  and 
he  must  render  to  his  fellows  a  just  equivalent  for  the  special 
privilege  he  claims.  The  moral  title  to  property  rests  on 
social  service.  In  the  past  the  natural  heritage  of  our  na- 
tion has  been  so  rich  and  vast  that  all  could  find  their  op- 
portunity for  labor  and  sustenance.  As  our  population  grows, 
and  the  easy  prodigality  of  our  young  continent  becomes  ex- 
hausted, the  question  of  the  just  distribution  of  natural  op- 
portunities is  driven  home  upon  us.  We  shall  have  to  con- 
sider whether  it  is  compatible  with  the  Kingdom  of  God  on 
earth  that  a  minority  of  men  own  the  bulk  of  the  soil,  the 
water  rights,  and  the  mineral  stores,  and  the  great  majority 
of  God's  children  are  left  with  no  property  rights  in  what 
God  made  for  all.  We  remember  that  the  ancient  law  of 
Israel  was  careful  to  provide  every   family  with  land,  and  to 


180     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

prevent  the  permanent  landlessness  of  any.  In  some  way,  we 
must  find  the  economic  means  of  accomplishing  the  same  end 
in  the  complexity  of  an  industrial  civilization.  Religion,  moral- 
ity, history,  and  statesmanship  unite  in  demanding  it." — Social 
Service  Message,  Men  and  Religion  Movement 


SOCIAL   REDEMPTION, 

"Christ's  mission  is  not  merely  to  reform  society,  but  to 
save  it.  He  is  more  than  the  world's  Re-adjuster.  He  is  its 
Redeemer.  The  changed  emphasis  put  upon  the  Lord's  prayer 
— Thy  will  be  done  on  earth,'  must  not  deceive  us.  The 
prayer  for  the  coming  of  the  Kingdom,  for  the  doing  of  the 
will  of  God  on  earth,  gets  its  point  from  the  fact  that  there 
is  a  heaven  in  which  that  will  is  done — where  the  beatitudes 
are  always  operative,  and  justice  never  falters,  and  truth  ex- 
cludes all  lies,  where  people  hunger  no  more,  neither  thirst 
any  more,  nor  say  they  are  sick — a  city  that  lieth  four-square. 
It  will,  we  trust,  not  confuse  the  urgent  cries  for  the  larger 
activity  of  the  Church  when  we  remind  ourselves  that  the 
Church  becomes  worthless  for  its  higher  purpose  when  it 
deals  with  conditions  and  forgets  character,  relieves  misery  and 
ignores  sin,  pleads  for  justice  and  undervalues  forgiveness." 
— Federal  Council,  1908. 

"In  the  social  crisis  now  confronting  Christianity,  the  urgent 
need  and  duty  of  the  church  is  to  develop  an  evangelism 
which  shall  recognize  the  possibility  and  the  imperative  neces- 
sity of  accomplishing  the  regeneration  of  communities  as  well 
as  persons,  whose  goal  shall  be  the  perfection  both  of  society 
and  of  the  individual. 

"The  desire  to  improve  social  conditions,  the  determination 
to  discover  and  remove  social  ills,  is  a  new  assertion  of  man's 
spiritual  nature  and  task.  This  is  not  an  attempt  merely  to 
improve  conditions,  but  it  recognizes  that  while  conditions  in- 
fluence men,  men  make  conditions.  It  brings  to  bear  spiritual 
forces  to  direct  the  progress  of  society  towards  the  perfect 
social  order.  It  is  the  modern  expression  of  the  social  hope 
of  the  Old  Testament,  of  the  kingdom  of  God  which  Jesus 
taught." — Methodist   General  Conference,  1912. 

"When  we  face  the  facts  concerning  poverty  and  pauperism, 
the  facts  concerning  drunkenness  and  prostitution,  graft  and 
vice,  the  facts  concerning  wage-slavery,  the  heartless  oppression 
of  women,  and  the  damnable  wrongs  committed  against  little 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  181 

children,  the  facts  concerning  political  corruption,  the  depths 
of  infamy  to  which  trusted  servants  of  the  people  sometimes 
descend,  the  facts  concerning  man's  inhumanity  to  man — we 
are  ready  to  declare  most  emphatically  that  what  human  so- 
ciety needs  is  regeneration.  Its  ills  cannot  be  cured  by  patent 
nostrums.  Its  ugliness  cannot  be  hidden  by  a  thin  veneer 
of  intellectual  and  moral  polish.  It  can  never  be  made  healthy 
and  beautiful  except  it  be  born  anew  through  the  power  of 
Christ. 

"To  be  sure,  it  needs  economic  reconstruction,  it  needs  an 
improved  educational  system,  it  needs  a  larger  culture,  it 
needs  ethical  readjustment,  but  immeasurably  it  needs  regenera- 
tion. 

"Social  redemption  will  come,  not  with  the  suddenness  of 
a  revolution,  but  through  the  gradual,  sure  processes  of  moral 
and  spiritual  evolution.  It  is  evident  to  the  student  of  history 
that  the  race  of  mankind  learns  slowly  and  through  more 
or  less  painful  experience.  They  who  are  fighters  in  the 
cause  of  righteousness  must  not  be  discouraged  if  victories 
are  hard  won  and  apparently  few.  The  builders  of  the  new 
social  order  must  not  complain  if  the  walls  of  the  temple 
rise  slowly.  We  are  obligated  to  do  with  all  the  power  of 
hand  and  brain  and  heart  what  we  find  to  do,  with  unshaken 
faith  in  that  God  who  is  eternally  on  the  side  of  right." — United 
Presbyterian   Brotherhood   Convention,   1912. 

"We  are  engaged  in  a  wide-spreading  revival  for  God's 
glory  and  human  welfare.  Every  great  revival  of  religion 
has  laid  emphasis  on  some  special  phase  of  truth.  Luther 
proclaimed  justification  by  faith,  Wesley  declared  that  the 
Methodist  Church  was  raised  up  to  spread  scriptural  holiness 
throughout  the  land.  Moody  taught  the  people  that  God  is 
Love.  The  world  is  ready  for  another  visitation  of  the  Grace 
of  God,  and  unless  all  signs  fail,  it  now  seems  good  to  the 
Holy  Spirit  that  special  emphasis  should  be  laid  on  the  fact 
that  the  Kingdom  of  God  is  in  our  midst,  and  that  the  whole 
creation  groaneth  and  travaileth  in  spirit,  waiting  for  the 
sons  of  God  to  manifest  and  apply  the  principles.  Of  course, 
we  cannot  lay  plans  for  Almighty  God.  As  has  been  said, 
'the  river  of  the  water  of  life  makes  its  own  channel,'  but 
we  should  study  the  signs  of  the  times  and  feed  our  lives  and 
lead  our  churches  into  those  great  moral  and  spiritual  move- 
ments that  indicate  the  mighty  working  of  the  Spirit  of  God. 
It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  majority  of  the  disciples 
of  Christ  have  not  had  any  clear  vision  of  the  fulfilment  of 


182     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

the  prayer,  Thy  Kingdom  come,  thy  will  be  done  on  earth 
as  it  is  in  heaven.'  The  dominant  note  in  their  testimony  has 
been  a  desire  to  get  to  heaven,  but  the  outstanding  feature 
of  the  Gospel  of  Christ  is  the  building  of  heaven  on  earth. 
To  this  end  Almighty  God  is  sending  abroad  a  new  spirit 
among  men.  The  age  is  marked  by  many  infallible  signs. 
Never  before  did  men  so  seriously  strive  to  answer  the  ques- 
tion, 'Am  I  my  brother's  keeper?'  than  they  are  to-day.  There 
is  being  developed  a  new  social  conscience,  that  in  time  will 
revolutionize  our  whole  civilization.  It  is  also  an  age  of 
prevention.  We  have  been  told  that  it  is  just  as  good  evangel- 
ism to  secure  conditions  that  will  prevent  a  man  from  becom- 
ing a  prodigal  as  to  rescue  a  prodigal.  Jesus  Christ  is  turn- 
ing the  thoughts  and  investigations  of  men  to  the  causes  of 
sin  and  crime ;  and  already  we  are  beginning  to  reap  the  har- 
vest in  the  elimination  of  slums,  the  establishment  of  garden 
cities,  the  prohibition  of  the  barroom,  shorter  hours  of  labor, 
and  many  other  reforms  for  the  betterment  of  the  people." 
— Department  of  Temperance  ai\d  Moral  Reform,  Methodist 
Church    of   Canada,    191 1 -12. 

"But  the  social  movement,  as  related  to  the  Church,  is  con- 
cerned not  only  with  the  Kingdom  of  God,  the  ideal  society; 
it  is  concerned  with  the  individuals  who  shall  go  to  make 
up  that  society.  The  social  movement  must  have  as  its  ulti- 
mate aim  the  liberation  and  the  development  of  personality. 
Unless  it  succeeds  in  giving  to  the  'undermost  man'  a  chance 
to  recognize  his  own  'innermost  worth,'  and  to  develop  that 
worth  in  relation  to  God  and  to  his  fellows,  the  social  move- 
ment of  to-day,  like  many  previous  movements  of  history 
which  started  with  glowing  hopes,  shall  ultimately  come  to 
naught.  It  need  not  be  thought,  however,  that  in  saying  this 
we  are  turning  our  backs  upon  the  social  movement  and  giv- 
ing place  to  a  narrow  individualistic  interpretation  of  the  Gos- 
pel, which  is  being  outgrown.  We  would  insist  rather  upon 
a  return  to  the  original  spirit  of  the  Gospel  in  and  through 
the  social  movement  of  our  day.  If  the  movement  has  seemed 
to  go  astray,  it  is  for  the  Church  to  call  it  back  to  funda- 
mental principles;  it  is  for  the  Church  to  insist  upon  the  value 
of  the  soul  and  to  claim  the  recognition  of  that  value  by 
all  who  profess  to  be  interested  in  the  welfare  of  human 
society  on  earth.  In  this  ultimate  criterion  of  soul  value  we 
believe  that  the  social  worker  and  the  workingman  outside 
the  ranks  of  organized  Christianity  would  eventually  acquiesce. 
We  believe  that  at  the  bottom  of  the  heart  of   every  human 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  183 

being  is  a  groping  desire  for  spiritual  growth.  We  believe 
that  the  men  and  women  for  whom  we  make  our  plea  are 
not  finally  concerned  with  mere  questions  of  decent  homes, 
adequate  provision  for  the  necessities,  and  a  reasonable  amount 
of  some  of  the  comforts  of  life,  but  that  their  cry  for  justice 
is  based  fundamentally  upon  the  conviction  that  to  them  is 
given,  under  present  conditions,  no  adequate  opportunity  for 
the  realization  of  their  own  individuality.  But  it  is,  after  all, 
only  as  society  itself  is  reconstructed  that  the  individual  can 
come  fully  to  his  own.  There  can  be  no  true  regeneration 
of  the  individual  which  does  not  involve  the  regeneration  of 
society,  nor  any  true  regeneration  of  society  without  the  regen- 
eration of  the  individual." — Protestant  Episcopal  General  Con- 
vention,  1913. 

"Above  all,  the  Christian  Church  is  coming  to  realize  that 
in  this  she  is  not  turning  aside  from  her  task;  for  it  she 
needs  no  new  forces.  It  is  simply  the  translation  of  her 
spiritual  culture  into  a  great  human  service  in  obedience  to 
the    command    of    her    Master. 

"It  is  not  confusing  the  Kingdom  of  Hea\en  with  an  eco- 
nomic state  of  equilibrium.  It  is  not  simply  resolving  man's 
spiritual  and  moral  life  into  an  economic  process.  If  it  were, 
it   would   be   calamitous    and    sad. 

"It  is  the  attempt  to  make  our  economic  order  the  outward 
and  material  expression  of  our  moral  and  spiritual  principles, 
or,  to  put  it  conversely,  it  is  making  our  moral  and  spiritual 
life   the   ideal   and   end   of   our    economic   order. 

"We  are  not  to  confuse  the  worship  with  the  material 
building  in  which  we  hold  it.  We  realize  that  upon  this  earth 
heavenly  treasures  must  be  kept  in  earthen  vessels.  A  pure 
body   is   the   only   fitting   habitation   of   the    soul. 

"We  are  not  to  forget  that  we  can  have  no  Kingdom  of  Heaven 
on  earth  until  our  economic  programs  are  fashioned  in  the 
light  of  spiritual  ideals  and  with  spiritual  ends  in  view,  and 
we  are  to  remember  that  the  world  will  come  together  in  the 
consummation  of  sympathy,  tenderness,  and  brotherhood  only 
when  all  men  are  brought  to  sit  together  at  the  feet  of  Christ. 

"The  Church  is  thus  not  turning  aside  from  her  task,  neither 
is  she  creating  new  forces.  Still  further  than  this,  we  are 
happily  discovering  that  the  conservation  of  the  evangelistic 
note  is  an  essential  to  an  effective  social  gospel,  and  are  no 
longer  disposed  to  rend  asunder  what  Christ  has  joined  to- 
gether. 

"Two  things  the  Church  must  gain:  the  one  is  spiritual  au- 


184     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

thority;  the  other  is  human  sympathy.  And  be  her  human 
sympathy  ever  so  warm  and  passionate,  if  she  have  not  her 
spiritual  authority,  she  can  do  little  more  than  raise  a  limp 
signal  of  distress  with  a  weak  and  pallid  hand.  But  if,  on 
the  other  hand,  she  assumes  a  spiritual  authority  without  a 
commensurate  human  sympathy,  she  becomes  what  her  Master 
would  call  *a  whited  sepulcher  filled  with  dead  men's  bones.'" 
'-Federal  Council,  1912, 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  185 

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  THE  ASSOCIATED 
SECRETARIES. 

Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland — Yale  University,  Yale  Divin- 
ity School,  and  study  abroad. 

General  Secretary  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.;  Pastorates  of 
churches  in  Boston,  Mass. ;  Maiden,  Mass. ;  South  Norwalk, 
Conn. ;  lecturer  at  Yale  Divinity  School. 

Author — "Old  Puritanism  and  the  New  Age,"  "The  Spirit 
Christlike,"  "Jesus  and  the  Prophets,"  "The  Infinite  Af- 
fection," "Spiritual  Culture  and  Social  Service." 

Editor  and  Contributor  to  "The  Christian  Ministry  and 
the  Social  Order,"  and  "Christian  Unity  at  Work." 

Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service,  191 1;  Acting  Executive  Secretary  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  191 1 ;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America,    1912. 

Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson — Pacific  Methodist  College,  Cali- 
fornia and  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111. 
Pastorates  of  churches  at  Albion,  111. ;  Springfield,  O.,  and 

Atlanta,  Ga.    Secretary  of  Labor  and  Social  Service  for  the 

Congregational  Churches,  1910. 
Author— "The    First    Christmas,"     "The     Church     and 

People's  Play."    Collaborated  in  "The  Social  Creed  of  the 

Churches." 

Secretary  of  the  Social  Service  Commission  of  the  Con- 
gregational  Churches,   1913. 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 

on  the  Church  and   Social   Service. 

Rev.   Samuel  Zane  Batten — Bucknell  University,  Crozer 

Theological  Seminary. 

Pastorates— Tioga,  Pa.;  Brookville,  Pa.;  Philadelphia, 
Pa.;  New  York  City,  N.  Y.;  Morristown,  N.  J.;  Lincoln, 
Neb. 

Author— "The  New  Citizenship,"  "The  Christian  State," 
"The   Social   Task  of   Christianity." 

Secretary  Department  of  Social  Service  and  Brotherhood 
of  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention,  1912. 


186     Year  Boot  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service. 

Rev.  Frank  M.  Crouch — Cornell  University  and  Episcopal 

Theological    Seminary   of    Cambridge,    Mass. 

Teacher  at  Cornell  University  and  Boys'  High  School, 
Brooklyn. 

Assistant  Minister  at  the  Church  of  Holy  Trinity,  Brook- 
lyn. 

Editor   "Social   Service  at  the   General    Convention    of 

1913" 

Elected  Field  Secretary  of  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
1912. 

(Rev.  Charles  O.   Gill — Yale    University,    Yale    Divinity 

School,   Union   Theological    Seminary. 

Teacher  King's  School  for  Boys,  Stamford,  Conn.;  Mis- 
sionary at  Pekin,  China;  pastorates  at  Westmore,  Vt. ;  Jeri- 
cho  Center,  Vt.;   West   Lebanon,  N.   H.;   Hartland,  Vt. 

Author — "The   Country   Church." 

Field  Investigator  for  the  Committee  on  Church  and  Coun- 
try Life  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Serv- 
ice of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America. 

Rev.  Harry  F.  Ward — University  of  Southern  California; 

Northwestern  University;  Harvard  University. 

Head  resident  of  the  Northwestern  University  Settle- 
ment, Chicago.  Thirteen  years  pastor  in  Chicago,  ten  of 
them  in  Institutional  churches,  in  downtown  and  industrial 
neighborhoods. 

Editor — "Social  Ministry,"  and  first  edition  of  "The  So- 
cial Creed  of  the  Churches."  Wrote  present  edition  of  "The 
Social  Creed  of  the  Churches." 

Secretary — The  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service, 
Evanston,   111. 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service.  Professor  of  Social 
Service  in  the  School  of  Theology  of  Boston  University. 

Printed  in  the  United  States  of  America. 


Date  Due 


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1  "'012  01006  2299 


